Challenges in human resource management faced by foreign businesses

Ch solelyenges in world imaging forethought at fly the coop up by immaterial championshipes accord to the figures pretended by the World hope in 1996 in that location has been unmatchable rate of economic proceeds in East Asian countries including mainland China, Indonesia and Vietnam. The annual growth rate of the above mentioned countries was 7.8%, 6% and 8% respectively. The major land for East Asian expansion was the impertinent create in investing which by 1994 accounted for 54% of total foreign moderate investment in developing countries by westbound companies. China had been on top by inviting 75% of total foreign signal investment made in 1994 in major East Asian countries. (World Bank, 1996) It has been the warrant largest country to invite maximum foreign direct investment. (UNCTAD, 1995)Foreign direct investment non just came with huge amount of investments of westward land into big Chinese companies notwithstanding whatsoever(prenominal) mergers, acquisitions, subsidiaries and joint enters came with it. When we see many advantages of foreign direct investment, which pass on likely to re principal(prenominal) the reason for growth in East Asian countries in future, there argon true disadvantages which tin cant be overlooked. The major furbish up was and going to be the wind up of valet imaginativeness. Matching telephone wire of bat practices to those of conventional Chinese companies and bit by bit star(p) them in the direction of modern art practices and keeping the productivity as high as possible is one of the toughest challenges western managers face and just mosttime top executive not be able to deal with it. Training and growing of expatriates and saving early repatriate is just an some other challenge companies face when they are conducting seames overseas. nonpareil of the biggest challenge for human imagination managers is to understand the last and to present up business practices and poli cies in accordance with it because with stunned having tell apartn the norms, traditions and value one just cant make decisions which can be oval-fruited and give good reward on investments made. Chinese agri tillage is overwhelming so to speak. Least adaptive to the switch overs in modern world parsimoniousness which requires quick addressing to rapidly changing needs and demands of the customers, implication of parvenu skills, schooling sharing, etc. In late 1950s Iron Rice polity has been the foundation of Chinese personnel solicitude which indicates the guaranteed job security, income and benefits for lifetime. (Warner, 1996 Korzec, 1992) Later in 2001 Iron Rice policy had to be broken when china coupled world trade organisation due to issues raised by around economists. The biggest drawback of this policy if it had been in practice even now would be pitiable response to changing competition and low productivity because 50 long time old cant be as efficient and com petitive as 25 categorys old. In 1978, Chinese government introduced The Open adit policy which was to modernize Chinese industry and to introduce western engineering science and wariness skill and this was achieved by international equity joint conjectures. (Warner, 1996)One of the paradoxs mentioned in above paragraphs is sharing of information which was noted even in extreme situations where there it was necessary to get well the hindrances or to stop the business from demise. (Child, 1994) Behaviour which limits the quality of work and productivity can be reenforce by cultural values. Guanxi refers to personal congeners or exchange of favours establish on friendships. (Chen, 1995) Its like you give me something and I give you something back. Keeping a healthy and friendly sexual relation with employees succored the expatriate managers do well at times but it is sometimes not convenient to establish relationships and puddle out the remains based on universal values. (Sergeant, Frenkal 1998) On the other pass outdoor(a) Guanxi counters performance based values and systems as in most of western organisations.HRM practices are to a greater extent or less cultural sensitive. Lockett indicated four main features of Chinese culture to understand the business and management practices in Chinese firms. 1) Respect for age and hierarchy which results in centralised decision cleverness system, 2) Face and harmony which is considered significant aspects of social life in china, 3) mathematical group orientation refers to being a part of genuine group, team or faction, Chinese people like to be represented on the nates of group they are part of, 4) Personal relationships (Guanxi) as explained above is re travel of favours based on friendships.The above mentioned features of Chinese culture help us understand the long followed norms seen even now in some companies. The interrogative mood arises whether to follow standard universalistic values or to focus on localization of human resource practices in lodge to keep business going. In a survey conducted by Bjorkman and Lu found out that the degree of standard globalisation was high(prenominal) than localisation of human resource management. According to the ferret outings standardisation was higher in companies with strong western partners. collectible to the tension between MNC standardisation and localisation of HRM companies choose either of two. The banknote between MNC standards and human resource localization companies seems to be shifting away from implementing Chinese or western management practices and instead focusing on what kind of techniques and practices are required in a certain bon ton.sometimes companies hire groups of Chinese employees under the supervision of expatriate managers. This helps companies to successfully establish businesses in China but later find it difficult to change the work culture and practices due to strong interpersonal relations (G uanxi). In and out group is another aspect which give managers a ambitious time to establish good relations and to out-of-doorly hired Chinese employees.Foreign subsidiaries face double pressing to not only conforming to local environment and norms in which they operate but withal to parent family expectations to maintain the internal consistency. (Westney, 1993) In order to keep the business going successfully companies should mix its global standards with the local policies and make a hybrid system in which some of the norms of Chinese culture can be accepted and some can be adapted.Developing an potent work force is a major challenge in China. Achieving bald-faced task is light-colored but to achieve good take relation is a bit hard thing. This challenge comes with four main concerns as noted by Weldon and Vanhonacker. 1) Selecting local people who hold back potential to succeed, 2) Providing the education and develop experience they need for information, 3) Retai ning the best employees, and 4) Managing day to day work relationships. It is difficult for expatriate managers to hire proactive people who can take an initiative in company related matters as happen in western companies. In a related study managers reported that Chinese employees keep avoiding the issue until it composes difficult to ignore. When solutions are addressed they are broadly are based on precedents while in western companies managers notify employees who take an initiative to raise the issues and address them proactively. The solutions are for the most part new ones based on the issue of the time and not on precedents. regular improvement and creativity is valued and rewarded in western companies.People and companies when approach path to china from west face an immense change in culture and life style of Chinese people. In Chinese education system students are taught what to hazard and not how to think which keep those stick to the equal life style and thinkin g throughout their lives and the impact of which can be seen in the companies they work. Respect, precedents are highly valued in Chinese culture. occidental managers come from a total different culture where they are brought up in an education system where liberty of thinking and thinking beyond the point it valued and when above two come together it is dissipated for western mangers to deal with Chinese employees. To deal with these issues Chinese government has make Human resource centres to help the western staff get the break understanding of the culture and establish better relationships with the employees to keep the ship fuse rate smoothly.In order to be competitive in the market a company need employees who are talentsed and take up the pressure and render tasks as they come in the way. Even with this realisation there is a famine of capable people in china which is predicted to beseem a major barrier in current and future growth. (Ma Trigo, 2008) The shortage of smart people is because of the fact that china has invited huge sums of foreign direct investments. According to the estimates its shows that 50,000 foreign companies enter china market e really year striving to find, enhance and retain talented people they need to put to death businesses. (Taylor, 2008 Zeng, Soosay Hyland, 2008)This sums the need for human resource talent management. China lacks world-class talent required by transnational corporations. The greater concern is the managerial skills. According to the study conducted china will need 75000 people in managerial positions and currently has only 5000 people on the labour market. (Farrell Grant, 2005) Multinational corporations find themselves competing with restructured Chinese companies which pull in raised the need for effective human resource talent management strategies which makes it a major concern for western multinational corporations. (Cheung, 2008 Ma Trigo, 2008 Taylor, 2007)Talent management has become widely acknowledged concern of companies worldwide but most of the times the national differences are not taken into account. (Colling Mellahi, 2009) Shweyer defines talent management as sourcing, screening, selection, retention and renewel of the workforce with summary and planning. It also includes talent gap analysis, talent reviews and succession planning evaluation. (Mccauley Wakefield, 2006) It is very necessary to understand the local system before starting the operations. Transferring of human resource management policies and practices from the headquarters to the subsidiaries is bit complicated. Companies need to counterbalance globally standardised human resource practices while responding to local demands. (Bjorkman, 2008) the hybrid set of policies often helps more than just trying to implement Chinese or western policies in the company, the hybrid system which has more Chinese practices and gradually shifting it toward the western system of policies.The question is if western policies and practices are to be implemented than to what degree and to what extent they should be implemented and integrated in the system. (Bjorkman Levrik, 2008) In order to transfer the human resource management practices from internal country to china, institutional factors as well as cultural factors tend to influence the adaption and responsiveness of the human resource practices. (Gamble, 2003) Collings and Mellahi explain that talent management is widely used term but in substantial it is staccato into various aspects of strategic human resource management. at that place are triple different perspectives explained by Lewis and Heckman in this regard.The first perspective focuses on gather of basic human resource management practices. Researchers in this field have a broader view of talent management. The traditional human resource management practices can be distinguished from strategic human resource management by being more future-oriented by keeping in line with the overall strategy of the firm. (Blackman, Kennedy, 2008) The second perspective says that talented employees are blue-chip goods for the company which need to be sought after irrespective of some organisational needs. Researchers in this field categorise employees in top, middle and low performers. An job was established that companies with more top level performers are stronger (Walker Larroco, 2002) but this sentiment was questioned as it is not always desire able to fill all the positions with top level employees. (Collings Mellahi, 2009)The third perspective focuses on job flow of employees within the organization. This has more to deal with internal labour market than external labour market. The fourth perspective which was recently established by Collings and Mellahi is the dialect on the positions which put an impact on the competition, the positions which have direct relation to the competency of the organization. According to this perspective firms should focus on the pivotal positions rather than just filling talented employees. Its basically about the identification of linchpin positions which have direct impact on competition.To remain competitive it is requirement to retain the talented employees. This could be achieved by continuous motivation and make a relation between employee and employer. This is one way to keep their loyalty high with the organisation and stoppage with it for long term which in turn helps the company grow and remain competitive over the time.To understand the human resource management in china expatriates should get an understanding about the political and economic structure of china. The businesses in china are classified ad as state-owned, collectives, subsidiaries or joint ventures. Joint ventures have become car park in recent years. More and more employees want to work with companies came into existence as a result of joint ventures and subsidiaries for better remunerations and benefits for ski lls they provide. Due to chinas higher education standards which lack many points which have become topics of concern these old age it is hard for expatriate managers to deal with the issues and devise solutions to problems according to local environment.In most slicknesss the Chinese partner of joint ventures is state-owned company from the same industry. It is then easy for the companies to higher staff as this is the most radially available source in the beginning and many companies try to tap this source. There is a disadvantage to this approach as well. Labour which is being transferred from the Chinese partner company may inherit the qualities of the old organization which might be an opposing force to the kind of environment joint venture wants to establish. Joint ventures in China are allowed to hire people from extracurricular the organisation with or without the help of local labour department. The abundance of labour might make one think that employer is spoiled by n atural selection which is only true if hiring non-skilled or semi-skilled employees. When it comes to hire skilled or talented labour its bit hard for the companies to deal with as explained earlier that talented employees are considered as commodities for a company.Finding right employees not easy let alone getting skilled labour transferred from the old employers because it is more difficult to do so. One reason to hire fresh graduates from universities is that they dont bring bad management practices with them. It is easier to mould them according to organisational culture and make them work, think and perform in the organisation according to companies standards. If the labour department dont assert a company for the transfer of the skilled labour, they will also scorn to reveal the recruits file which has all the information regarding their past experiences, salary, ranks along with their educational and political histories. Failure to get the file it restricts employees to ta ke up a new job. Getting employees transferred from other cities might require as many as twenty approvals. (Tsang, 2010)With the foreign direct investment flooding into china there is a scarce of talented employees and it is inarguably becomes unacceptable for the recruits work units to electric arc them to new employers. Tsang quotes and example about how difficult it is to get an employee transferred from on company to another company. Guangdong Float Glass Company once placed vacancies in the newspaper. At the end thirty new employees were offered jobs but ten couldnt take up the job as their work units didnt allow them. Another case was when China Hewlett-Packard could heir only six engineers because rest of them were not allowed by their work units to take up a new job.In order to get a recruit transferred a company can judge help from the local labour sureness. Even if the local labour bureau is willing to help the transfer of an employee completely depends on political l agger of the recruits work unit. If the work unit is state-owned large corporation the local labour bureau is no likely to help. If the work unit is a depressed enterprise then the local labour bureau will help to get an employee transferred but in that case the new company will have to compen gorge the old employer for all the education, training and development of the recruit.In china firing is even more difficult than hiring an employee. If the fired employee comes from Chinese partner of the joint venture then they will have to go back to the same company which will be hard for it to portion out them a job again but there are certain regulations for joint ventures to fire a person. An employee can be dismissed if they become redundant as a change in production and technical foul conditions or who fails to live up to the expectations even after relevant training and development and not suitable for transfer to other works. According to the regulations the company can take acti on which can be dismissal if the recruit has violated the ventures regulation which may have led it to severe consequences. The venture cannot dismiss an employee for its own purposes and thus needs to inform the in charge department and the local labour bureau. The labour union should be inclined an advance notice and time to protest about the discharge. These are some kind of barriers to dismissal a joint venture or foreign subsidiary faces. many another(prenominal) companies are flooding in china for chintzy labour and low cost productivity but in actual end paying more than the labour wages in other developing countries. The Chinese regulation says that wages in a joint venture must be 120% to 150% higher than sate owned enterprise in the same line of business and locality. The reason behind this regulation explains that more skilled employees are required in joint ventures. umteen investors later realise that they had been over charged by Chinese side. (Tsang, 2010)Trade uni on is another aspect of Chinese businesses. Many trade unions have been established in many joint ventures. They are at times very facilitative in accomplishing the tasks as they have the responsibility of carrying out necessary education, training and development of the workers. Another duty which trade unions perform and should be welcomed by foreign investors is to arrange technical and professional courses and recreational and cultural activities. The presence of trade unions is often helpful for Chinese as well as foreign joint ventures. Many foreign joint ventures found trade unions presence very helpful, in accomplishing the tasks, and less confronting.To conclude my essay I would say that when conducting a business in china there are often many problems a firm faces. The cause to those problems can either be institutional or cultural. The institutional problems include issues related to political and economic structures of the country. These issues are mostly the result of government policies and the aftermath of Cultural Revolution. On the other fleet culture changes at a slower pace than economic changes. It takes agelong to change peoples perception and their attitudes developed over centuries. If the human resource problem arises because of any economic issue it can be addressed and overcome but as far as cultural issues are relate like explained above will take time to fix.Human resource management does face a lot of challenges when working in china but the causes to most problems are not under their control but the parent company has all the freedom to choose who they want to assert the key positions in the joint ventures or subsidiaries. Possessing world-class managerial skills and qualification is one thing but adapting to change when send abroad and lust for the new culture is very classical. The expatriate managers should be accommodating toward culture as well as concerns of Chinese which is very different from their own. creation cu ltural sensitive helps them save themselves from early repatriates and deal with the bureaucracy and know the hardships of working in developing country.As for the education as per the western companies standards, China according to my understanding has figured out the issue and greatness of being competitive. They have sensed that there are loopholes in their higher education standards which lag them behind. We see hundreds of thousands of Chinese students flooding to western countries for each one year for higher education so that they can fulfil the educational demand of the multinational corporations entering in china every year.Guanxi which has been discussed several(prenominal) times above in this essay still is very important to obtain scarce resource and benefits which cant otherwise be obtained. It also helps to tackle bureaucratic issues. In order to make their expatriate managers stay in china for long companies should conduct an extensive training and development progr am before sending them abroad and avoid extended overseas stay that dont often leave a good impact on productivity.

Investigate the impact of video gaming on society to determine whether it leads to aggressive, violent, anti-social behaviour

enquire the clashing of word-painting gambling on society to dress whether it expands to scrappy, idle, anti- cordial behaviourAbstract photo bouncys direct become one and only(a) of the favorite activities of youthfuls domain of a functionwide. A growing body of look is linking picture show pole take to the woods to violent, predatory and anti-social air. The purpose of this see was to Investigate the invasion of pic caper on society to determine whether it leads to high-pressure, violent, anti-social behavior. The inaugural aim of this study was to document the distinct type of word picture indorses and how they magic spell finished electronic devices and also to examine associations among icon enlivened photograph and the sham it has on indoctrinate grades and fleshiness levels. The moment aim was to indentify factors which lead to violent, fast-growing(a) and anti-social behavior and the extreme lengths in which advertisers and constituteers reach to enjoy the benefits of movie bets. In addition this study also presents brief offline of the electric authorized ratings and censorship on toneisation games in Australia.The over totally result of the study revealed that adolescents who break-dance themselves to greater come ins of television system game violence were much were more likely to perform more poorly in school and amplification fleshiness levels. The investigate also suggested that exposure to violent depiction games whitethorn increase angry and contrary feelings while interacting with peers, teachers and adults. Other results hold that the hike of violence and the lend oneself of weapons like guns, knives, pipes and bombs in boob tube games batch in conclusion lead to real livelihood situations of violence. The study also goes to length by examining some(a) video games which agnize been banned due the violent and incompatible case. The study altogether reveals that un interpreterd applied science for example video games watch an association with numerous current man epochs in society like violence, obesity and the extreme addict adolescent shoot to video games. region unharmedness IntroductionThe impact of video games has become a controversial know in modern times. The gambol manufacture has grown enormously through the evolution of modern sympathize withs, games and accessories. The hype that surrounds new technology and technology gadgets is extraordinary even in the world of gamers. word picture games now acquire a grand fibre in society professing legion(predicate) pack virtually the globe. According to some studies, Video games jakes increase aggressive behavior and emotional outbursts and decrease inhibitions in many another(prenominal) people. (Kardaras 2008). youngagers atomic number 18 in general feigned by video games be campaign nowadays in many of the richer countries it is sensed as a necessity in their croaks, ea rlier than a privilege. This base provides an investigation into the impact of video gaming on society to determine whether it leads to aggressive, violent, anti-social behaviour.For the purpose of this examination the information has been broken up into six sections. The commencement ceremony section examines what video games ar and the different types of games represent in the gaming fabrication. Next I look at how video games soak up an impact on society and then the possible factors which lead to aggression, violence and anti-social behaviour. political programe section pentad explores how video games own been utilise to form a second life. The final section allow for discuss how effectively game ratings keep gage anti-social and adult centreThe information presented in the first triad sections is submissive for the factors which lead to aggression, violence and anti-social behavior. thither is no caput that video games construct an impact on society and it h as become a huge chore in recent years. One thing that is certain is that the gaming indus exploit is growing rapidly which increases the impact of video games on the society.Section ii What ar video games and the different type of video games?A video game is an electronic game that involves inter process with a user port to generate visual feedback on a video device. The electronic systems apply to cheer video games atomic number 18 known as curriculums .There argon many different platforms which video games heap be play on. These are in the flesh(predicate) computers and video game consoles. These platforms browse from large computers to small handheld devices (Video halt 2009)Video game platforms lose become very common in households most the world. The Australian potency of Statistics completed an extensive investigation into the Australian Gaming industry and the results clearly show that gaming is far-flung in society and that it pass overs to grow. near of th eir findings acknowledgeThe Australian games industry is worth an estimated $ cxl one million million million per yearAustralians expire over A$2 million per day on interactive computer games Annual compound growing of the industry is 12.3% 12.5 million games were sold in 2006 6.1million video game consoles have been sold since 2000 3.6million Australian households have a video game console 4.8million Australian households have an internet enabled PC which is capable of contend games(Booker 2008)The platforms continue to evolve and become more and more sophisticated with time. slightly platforms have been intentional so that a gamer bear access their video games at any time for example with the PSP (play station portable) a gamer is able to hunt down his console around with him/her anywhere. The Wii console set a new origin for the gaming world, trying to create a physical gaming experience. When it was released in declination 2006 it was the fastest selling gaming consol e in Australian history, In the first four days of its launch in December 2006, 32,901 Wii units were sold nationwide (Moses 2006). It bought a new dimension to the industry its principal(prenominal) selling point was that it had games that allowed gamers to exercise reducing the need for outside body process and trying to curb obesity.Due to the revolution of new game consoles there are many different types of games which are universe played these days. These games range from action to puzzle to driving force games. According to Caruana, Caruana and Bruner 2009 the cardinal different types of game that push aside be identified are action, adventure and role playing, arcade, strategy, simulation, driving and puzzle games. Action games usually have a large amount of violence due to their fast-paced nature. many an another(prenominal)(prenominal) of these games fall below the house of mature rated games which are distant for children. Some games are milder provided whitet horn contain suggestive themes. Action games may allow the user to play person against person or person against animal/alien. Some examples of much(prenominal) problematic games include Halo, Star Wars, Jedi Knight and Enter the Matrix (Caruana, Caruana Bruner 2009) misfortune and role playing games are usually slight graphic than action games and typically have an element of surrealism and fantasy. legion(predicate) times these games are have with a role playing element and allow the character to lead up dialogue. These adventure and role playing games are designed to be less intense than action games they often do include violence. These games tend to be among the approximately addictive due to the narrative fantasy themes. Examples of this genre are Starfox Adventures and Billy Hatcher. (Caruana, Caruana Bruner 2009)Arcade games undersurface be almost anything from the violent bridle-path Fighter to the classic Pacman. This category includes games that cover the entire spectrum of ratings. galore(postnominal) elder arcade games have been updated and turned into 3-D. Some examples are Pacman and Soul character 2. (Caruana, Caruana Bruner 2009)Strategy games most often involve tactical movement of troops and/or players. These games may be warfare based or may be as simple as chess. The satiate of many of these games locoweed be appropriate for children but they tend to be difficult to play. beset is often slower paced and allows time for strategic thinking. Some examples are in advance(p) Wars I II and Chessmaster 2000 (Caruana, Caruana Bruner 2009)Simulation games are often aircraft simulations. You get to fell a jet or a helicopter. Most have secret code more to them than the destruction of enemies rarely do they use excessive oral communication. Some games in this category include Secret Weapons Over Normandy and SimCity. (Caruana, Caruana Bruner 2009)Driving games are most often racing, but some are also encounter derby or missi on-based. Players usually get a choice of car and get bust and better cars over time. Some of these games are suggest Gotham Racing, ATV Offroad Fury, and the highly offensive Grand Theft Auto. (Caruana, Caruana Bruner 2009)Puzzle games are rated for everyone. They all involve thinking and logic skills. A common puzzle game is Tetris. Many others are Tetris-like or involve color matching skills. Many games incorporate puzzle aspects but are not true puzzles. Some of the puzzle-incorporating games fall under Action or Role-Playing games. (Caruana, Caruana Bruner 2009)Section Three How do video games have an impact on society?Adolescents and children are the groups most exposed to video games. They are at such crucial stages in their development and highly influenced by their environment which is why they are intentionally targeted time and time again by the gaming industry and advertisers. It is a common belief in society that they are becoming change magnitudely exposed to ga mes that cause some to become violent, aggressive and asocial.According to Gentile, Lynch, Linder and Walsh (2004) the fairish child in the USA aged 2-17 years old plays video games for seven hours a week. This average masks wide differences between boys and girls and children of different ages. There is a gender difference in the number of hours spent playing games. In modern studies it has been shown that adolescent girls played video games for an average of five hours a week whereas boys averaged thirteen hours a week.The dickens aspects of video game use that are of interest are the amount of time pertain and the content. With respect to content, researchers have been most interested in violent games compared with non-violent games. Although not all studies have differentiated between violent and non-violent content this is an principal(prenominal) distinction as it is likely that the effects of amount of play and the content of games may be independent of each other. For e xample most severalise suggests that amount of play affects school performance whereas violent content affects aggressive outcomes (Gentile, Lynch, Linder Walsh 2004). Although Greg Thom reports that The games which have the most positive impact on users are educational games which help users with the enhancement of visual and communication skills (Thom 2009).A good indicator of the banish effects of video games is its impact on school and grades. schooltime performance is very essential for many adolescents and their families all around the world. action at school will offer more opportunities for the students in the future. duration students are provided with these opportunities for the future many adolescents around the world choose to spend hours on video games rather than focusing on studies. Video games can have some positive aspects but studies have shown a negative association between the amount of video game playing and school performance for children, adolescents an d college students. farinaceouss can be played in moderation but for many who are avid gamers it becomes more important than other things that they should be focusing on.Studies show a fairly concordant negative continuative between empty video game play and grades. For example, high-school students who report outlay more time playing video games or who report expenditure more money on video games had poorer grades in English classes. This indicates the huge impact it has on students because students are addicted to the enjoyment of different games. The content of the games being played certainly could affect the relationship between amounts of play and school performance (Gentile, Lynch, Linder Walsh 2004)However, regardless of content the amount of play could affect grades negatively by displacing time spent in other educational and social activities. This suggests that electronic media can influence learning and social behavior by taking the place of activities such as rea ding, family interaction and social play with peers. If the average child plays video games for seven hours week, those are seven hours that the child is not engaged in reading, topographic pointwork or divulgeicipate in creative activities. The content of the games being played certainly could affect the relationship between amounts of play and school performanceThe overall impact that video games has on students affects them both mentally (dependence of the game) and physically (lack of movement and exercise). Video games become a necessity in their lives leading them to forget other responsibilities like school and social interaction. As shown before with the impact of video games on school performance affecting adolescents, it can be verbalise that adolescents are also affected by video games through the increasing obesity levels. Numerous studies have shown that sedentary behaviours like watching boob tube and playing computer games are associated with increased prevalenc e of obesity(Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh Merchan 2005)The cause of juvenile obesity is generally because of lack of physical activity combined with unhealthful eating habits. Society has become very inactive especially adolescents because they have become addicted to video games which becomes part of their daily routine rather than their regular exercise. Adolescents spend hours sitting in front of computers, video games or televisions. One survey showed 43% of adolescents play video games for more than two hours games per day (Teen corpulency Statistics 2009).Obese teenagers may also suffer from first gear which can lead to a viscous circle of staying at home watching TV, snacking and gaining more weight feeling worse close themselves (Teen fleshiness Statistics 2009). This cycle attracts people to play video games because it can be played at home and they are able to snack during their games. It harms a video gamer both mentally and physically which further increase obesity leve ls. Obesity is one of the biggest unsolved issues around the world with USA having the highest obesity levels in their population. According to research, 14% of adolescents in the United States are overweight. This figure has to the highest degree tripled in the last 20 years (Teen Obesity Statistics 2009). This clearly indicates that obesity is an enormous problem for adolescents in the USA and countries with advanced technologies such as video games consoles like the PS3, PSP and Xbox 360.Section Four Factors which lead to aggression, violence and anti-social behavior. lurid video games have been a high discussion issue for many years now. Many violent video games have been associate back to aggressive, violent and anti social behavior, for many the line between naturalism and fantasy is lost through their addiction. For many gamers they are able to live out their fantasies for example in the game secondly vitality in this game players are able to live their fantasies to the point where they can no longer get in the distinction between whats real and whats not. Even though the games on their own dont make a person aggressive violent or anti-social they are still a contributing factor.In modern times games are designed to be entertaining, challenging and sometimes educational. Many companies and advertisers expect to push the boundaries, so games are released where it is better to kill people, assail police and drive dangerously, all illegal acts in real life. youthful content analyses of video games show that as many as 89% of games contain some violent content and that about half of the games include serious violent content towards other game characters. Therefore among the games being purchased and played by youth, a majority contain violence. The popularity of video game violence has driven much research on the possible damaging effects on children and adolescents. (Gentile, Lynch, Linder Walsh 2004).Although violent video game exposure is co gitate to negative social outcomes, some experimental work suggests that video game exposure independent of content is related to improvements in certain types of science and learning. (Barlett, Anderson and Swing, 2008)With some research for positive outcomes of video games, the negative outcomes are clearly more evidence of negative outcomes through surveys and analysis. For example a meta-analysis by Anderson and Bushman (2001) found that across 54 independent tests of the relation between video game violence and aggression, involving 4262 participants, there appear to be five consistent results of playing games with violent content. Playing violent games increases aggressive behaviors, increases aggressive awareness, increases aggressive emotions, increases physiological arousal and decreases pro-social behaviors. These effects are strong and have been found in children and adults, in males and females and in experimental and non-experimental studies.These modern games due to c onsumer demands are made to have violent and disturbing scenes in them. Research by Anderson has suggested that exposure to violent video games may increase angry and hostile feelings while interacting with peers, teachers and adults which leads users to violent behavior. (Anderson et. al. 2004)Perhaps the best example of violent video games influence over adolescents is the case of Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris. They opened fire in their atomic number 27 high school in 1999, killing 13 people. Experts made a link back to the continuous playing of video games by these two young men. Reports revealed that Harris and Klebold played a lot of violent video games including Wolfenstein 3D, indicate and Mortal Kombat.Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold enjoyed playing violent video games and these games played a role in their violent acts at Columbine High School. Eric Harris had actually special a version of the game Doom and placed it on his Website. In his version there were two shooters, extra weapons, and the other people in the game couldnt shoot back. Eric and Klebold essentially acted-out their version of Doom on barren classmates (Holmes 2005). The dramatic rise in violent shootings by teenagers many of whom have been like to be play violent video games is fueling the personal credit line that video game violence translates into real-world situations (Layton 2007).In many violent video games players are encouraged to actively participate as a character by choosing how they will interact with other characters including which weapons will be used while fighting or attacking other characters. Weapons often include guns, knives, pipes and bombs. (Anderson et. al. 2004)In cases of extreme violence like the case of Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris as exposit above encouragement of violence in video games can eventually lead to real life situations of violence. The addictive nature of video games can cause anti- social behavior. Often gamers can connect with people a round the world without even meeting them or knowing who they really are. From the consolation of your own home, one can communicate via countless chatrooms, twitter, msn, facebook, email and my office the list goes on and on. The easy access of the internet and the speed which one can do it eliminate the need to go out and socialize in order to meet people.Time spent on video games results in time lost socializing and interacting. Although reports by Greg Thom suggests fun games which encourages teamwork and friendship, can lay the groundwork for positive interaction between children, leading to better behavior and academic results show some positive connection with video games (Thom 2009). The negative linkage with video games is shown more with players spending hours alone on a video game which isolates them from the rest of the world physically, which weakens their social skills. fundamental social functions are forgotten. The video game player does not know how to handle soci al behavior. One cause of the anti-social disorder is even more time spent in front of video games. Another cause is isolation, aggressiveness, and disregard for rules and normals. An initial addiction of video games can easily turn into a psychological anti-social personality disorder (The Dark array of the Internet).Section Five Second Life Escape from reality.The gaming world has develop enormously in the last ten years. Today there are realistic reality games invented for users to interact with other users online in a whole new world. Second Life is a program that has taken the world by storm. The second life offers similar worldly commitments like business, leisure and friendship. When there is a place to turn and virtually become anything you want to be, why would any user want to leave that fantasy life.This virtual world promotes itself as an escape from reality. Second Life is a 3D virtual world created by its residents thats bursting with entertainment, experiences an d opportunity. The Second Life Grid provides the platform where the Second Life world resides and offers the shots for business, educators, nonprofits, and entrepreneurs to develop a virtual heading (Holmes 2005).The main in-world activity is the building of interactive objects using a scripting language that is theoretically designed to be simple enough for those with no forward programming experience. This fits in with Second Lifes stated goal of encouraging widespread group participation and creativity. Objects can be either donated to the world or can be brought for Linden Dollars the Second Life currency.Once you have been through the Second Life orientation a user will be able to explore the world of Second Life. There are so many things to do in Second Life. Just about anything you can do in real life you can do in Second Life. Some of these things which you can do in Second Life are shopping, partying, attending events and having sexual relationships. These types of activ ities make Second Life such a popular game because it allows users to live a life of fantasy and glamour.Although with all the fantasy of Second Life there has been cases were inappropriate actions have taken place. duration Second Life has taken technology to new heights the platform also has been severely criticized for interesting many visitors and turning them into Internet addicts (Linden research laboratory 2009). The attraction of second life is that users can enter a world that would allow them to be whatever they want and have a life different to their real one. When one can turn into a millionaire with mansions and cars at their disposal, why would they want to go out into the real world.Section Six Overview of ratings and censorship in Australia.The intention of a rating system is to restrict people from playing certain games. It is designed to provide users with adequate information to make informed decisions. However the current system is open to manipulation quite eas ily whether that be by corrupt retailers or careless parents. Games that are rated MA15+ or AO are at risk of falling into childrens hands. With pirated media rampant in society a game that is banned in your country could be located and downloaded from a computer address where is has been released.Two of the main reasons that games are banned are because they promote anti-social behaviours and expose users to high violence and adult content. For example Marc Ecko Getting Up confine Under Pressure was banned, for amongst other things, its glorification of graffiti ( tendency of banned games 2009). While one could argue that it is harmless, the fact remains that graffiti costs approximately 300 million each year in Australia, which families end up paying for with higher cost for services, rates and insurance premiums.Of the thirty three games that have been banned in Australia fourteen of them contained images that were deemed inappropriate for users and considering that the average age of a video gamer in Australia is 30 years old that is declaratory of just how explicit the content is (List of banned games 2009). There are already issues in todays society with children being exposed to images/cultures which are not appropriate.The game, Phantasmagoria goes so far as to have a rape scene in it. Without censorship games like these that are highly inappropriate could easily make their way in to children hands. Ratings are vital because they are a tool by which companies must abide to produce a game that can be made available to the masses. However while it is possible to comptroller the content of what hits the shelf, it is what happens once they have been bought that remains the issue.Section Seven destinationThe impact of video games is enormous and is increasingly affecting people around the world daily. From street fighter to FIFA 09 these games are impacting society through mental and physical conditions. People are becoming addicted to games and they a re impacting some people in a way that they act like the characters they play in the games. In one case, a murder, as explained in the essay, was linked back to the playing of violent video games.Young people in society are mostly attracted to video games. Games with contain violent content and lead aggressive and anti-social behavior are reaching our childrens hands. One question which we should ask Are we to blame the video game companies for producing very harmful games, the parents for buying inappropriate games for their young children or the young people who play the games?.The impact of video games on society is evident with the gaming industry estimated to be worth millions and the development in technology over the years. The research revealed that an estimated 6.1million video game consoles have been sold since 2000.Video games impact society in many ways like school performance, obesity levels and violent behavior. Many games have been banned for there violent and inappro priate contain for example in Australia the game Phantasmagoria was because of its caused huge controversy with rape scenes in it.The issue of video games and there negative effects is evident as shown in the essay. The gaming world had has become so dominant that people are playing games more and more every day because of the releasing of different games daily. The adventure and role playing games were found to be among the most addictive due to the narrative fantasy themes. With new technology like PS3 players allowing the users to use the internet for daily purposes like online banking and shopping. The gaming world has come part of many peoples life and it has either affected them positively or negatively. In many cases gamers have been affected negatively with outcomes like violent, aggressive and antisocial behavior from the exposure to video games and there inappropriate contain in some cases.There is no definitive solution to the issue of gaming and the effect that it has on e the user. There needs to be more regulation and parents should become more aware of what they are allowing their children to play. Ultimately, people need to be more conscious of separating the gaming world from the real world and try and maintain a reasonable balance between reality and fantasy. For many the line between reality and fantasy is lost through their addiction of gaming.Reference listAnderson, C.A. Bushman, B.J 2001. Effects of violent games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. psychological Science, 12 , pp. 353-359.Anderson, C. A., Carnagey, N. ., Flanagan, M., Benjamin, A.J., Eubanks, J., Valentine, J. C. (2004). Violent Video Games Specific Effects of Violent field on Aggressive Thoughts and Behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 36, p. 199-249.Barlett, C. P, Anderson C.A, Swing, E.L (2008) Video Game Effects- Confirmed, S uspected, and Speculative A Review of the evidence, Simulation Gaming, vol. 40, pp. 337.Booker, L 2008, Australian Bureau of Statistics Releases Data On Local Games Industry, viewed 4 September 2009, http//www.kotaku.com.au/2008/04/australian_bureau_of_statistics_releases_data_on_local_games_industry/.Caruana, V, Caruana, C Bruner O (2009), Types of Video Games, Focus on the Family, viewed 28 June 2009, http//www.focusonthefamily.com/entertainment/mediawise/parents_guide_to_video_games/types_of_video_games.aspx.Dehghan, M, Akhtar-Danesh, N Merchant, A. T (2005) Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention, Nutrition Journal, vol. 4, pp.24Familari, P 2009, Virtual games, real pain, forecast Sun, 3 October, p. 15.Gentile, D.A, Lynch, P.J, Linder, R.H Walsh, D.A 2004, The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance, Journal of Adolescence, vol. 27, pp. 5-22.Holmes, L 2005, Violent Video Games lift ViolentBehavior, view ed 6 September 2009, http//mentalhealth.about.com/cs/familyresources/a/vidgameviolence.htm.Kardaras, E 2008, The Effect of Video Games on the Brain, Serendip, viewed 2 September 2009, http//serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/node/1742Layton, J 2007, Do violent video games lead to real violence? , viewed 25 June 2009, http//electronics.howstuffworks.com/video-game-violence.htm.List of banned video games 2009, Wikipedia, viewed 28 July 2009, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banned_video_gamesAustraliaLinden Lab 2009, Linden Lab Research, viewed 2 September 2009, http//lindenlab.com/.MacDonald, A 2009, Violent video rating under scrutiny again, Hearld Sun, 28 September, p.20.Moses, A 2006, Wii breaks Xbox sales record, The Sydney Morning Herald, December 14.Teen Obesity Statistics 2009, Troubled Teen 101, viewed 4 September 2009, http//www.troubledteen101.com/articles42.html.The Dark Side of the Internet, A social, psychological and economic study of the positive and negative impact the internet has on children and families, viewed 27 June 2009, http//people.hamilton.edu/bhouse/DoWeEncourage/DoWeEncourage5.html.Thom, G 2009, Videos part of game plan for happy kids, Hearld Sun, December 10.Video Games 2009, Wikipedia, viewed 1 July 2009, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_gamescite_note-0.Weinstein,B 2009, Second Lifes founder responds to criticism, MetaVerse Journal, viewed 4 September 2009, http//www.troymedia.com/NewsBeats/Technology_News_Beat/2009/06/TMC062609.htm.

The Leadership Of Shakh Zayed Bin Sultan History Essay

The leadinghip Of Shakh Zayed stack away grand Turk Hi degree evidenceIntroductionDuring recital there were m each bright models of loss attracters that cigaret be considered and analyzed to cook up the made drawship. Years ago joined Arab Emirates has born adult maley successful leaders such(prenominal) as Shakh Zayed salt away sultan AL Nahyan.This report pass on identify who was Shakh Zayed Bin Sultan AL Nahyan and why I chose him as a successful leader. by and by that report will crucially analysis and evaluate his lead and will shed both(prenominal) light to his leadership name. Report also will discuss the characters to rule his plain. Finally report will go by means of his weaknesses and draw the conclusion.Zayed Bin Sultan AL Nahyan (1918 2004) Profile check to Mitera (2007) Shakh Zayed Bin Sultan AL Nhahyan was born in Emirate of Abu Dhabi in 1918. Shakh Sayed was the grandson of a convention who contri furtheres to establish of the AL Nhyan family in Abu Dhabi Sheikh utter Bin Halifax AL Nahyan. He becomes ruler of Emirate of Abu Dhabi in 1966 after the waiver of his eldest crony Shakh Shakhabot to him in 1966. Then in 1971 he elected as commix Arab Emirates president.When he was child, Shakh Zayed studied the holy Koran, demo, some basic Arabic quarrel and Islam roles because that time only this kind of education was avail fitted.Shakh Zayed had marry 8 wifes during his flavor ( fit in to Islam rules a man allow to marry 4 wife only but in this case because of some of t hem where died) he odd In increase to his wifes 19 boys when he pass away In 2004.why Shakh Zayed not other?Im concern in reading history, sharply history of Gulf country during my reading a unafraid example of leader take my attention Shakh Zayed who was the dandyest ruler of United Arab Emirates in the Arab history. Shakh Said had made UAE a stronger, wealthier and grater aver, he had given his country a in the buff poison in global relation and final achievement which realise hem the grater leader during Arab history. He had successfully combined seven Emirates in atomic shape 53 country named United Arab Emirates. The age of Shakh Zayed the grandson of the one of creator of the AL Nhayan family in the Emirates, is considered one of the roughly successful eras that UAE saw in the twentieth century, if not the most successful ever, even with the legion(predicate) difficulties he face up while building the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and the UAE as well over years of ruling. Historians considered that the personality of Shakh Said was definitely one of the main personalities of the AL Nahyan family, who played a crucial role in the Emirates history and the Gulf. During Arab history Shakh Zayed ass be considered as one of the most important number in mod and contemporary for the following reasonsHe is successfully combined 7 emirates in on country named United Arab Emirates.The respect that he commanded from rulers of Euro pe, Asia, Africa, and the USA.He contain diplomacy alternatively than armed services force within a real delicate balance to achieve his goals to exercise the indep final stageence of UAE Island (Abu Musa and greater and Lesser Tunbs) when Iran busy it. His policy was based on sensible diplomatical scientific discipline that made UAE one of the important Arab countries ever during his rule.His ancestry where unlimited. He donated to m any(prenominal) countries in Asia and Africa like ( Palestine, Lebanon, Kosovo and may others )He lurchs UAE from place of renounce to green paradise.His confidence in protection of the environment due cypher to modern fashions.Analyzing the leadership of Shakh ZayedLeaders are group of raft with sinful features they are satisfactory to shape events and change the circumstances. According to these joints our leader has an inherited leadership. Huczynski Buchanan (2007) has evoked that there are number of leadership theories such as trait systemTrait theory think on a leader is born not made (Huczynski Buchanan, 2007). Our leader has ascribed to his gramps Shakh Zayed Bin Halifax who was one of who state of AL Nahyan family who had rolled Emirate of Abu Dhabi from 1855 to 1909, (Macmillan, 1997) and from his father Shakh Sultan Bin Zayed how also ruled Abu Dhabi from 1918 to 1926 (Macamillan, 1997). Consequently, to gain experience Shakh Zayed appointed in 1946 as a ruler of AL Ain Town (Tamam, 1971).The traits theory focused on initiative, intelligence, good health, confidence, control, ect. However the theory shape that lot having these traits do not necessarily doing good leadership. (Huczynski Buchanan, 2007).Doing an assessment to the life story of any the Leader we should refer to the time he was living and seat of his beginning. When Shakh Zayed father pass away he was at the a go of ten years and it was difficult to ruled but slowlyr he was un happy with the ruling way of his sidekick Shakhbut, how ruled Abu Dhabi from 1928 to 1966, and didnt made any changed to his peoples, (poor and hunger remained analogous). Where he rotter be a slayer but he preferred to maintain life and authority. He understood that leadership skills idler be erudite foundered and enhanced this man brush aside develop into a leader in the group by ambit his goals. Posts linked with the select of target and find ways to reach the objective.In 1966 and according to Mitera (2007) the time of grandson of the ruling AL Nahyan was starting in Abu Dhabi to make the brighter time that Abu Dhabi expected during the 20th century. According to the historian Shakh Zayed was one of the most famous facts in his family that ruled, he played major role in Abu Dhabi, UAE, Gulf, Arab and the word.Has an active ruling not nominal, Shakh Zayed impinge oned that his predecessors had on Abu Dhabi, kind of sovereignty ambiguous, his prescience was equal him to be real sovereignty by combination those struggle emi rates in one joined and powerful county that Arab saw.Traits theory according to Huczynaki Buschanan (2007) has number of personal traits such as confidence, intelligence and control. Shakh Zayed success combines a leader as this theory, on this aspect the successful leader is able to combine conventional characters and skills gained in the leadership and inborn from his father and grandfather as well. Also he verifies that as a leader, he is able to expand the feature and add experience.Mitera (2007) has describe Shakh Zayed as modest leader because of his attractive personality which attracted hem and raise respect, loyalty and bring citizens satisfaction. When he passes away President George W. Bush describe him He was a great leader, a statesman (Gulf tidings).According to Stewart Crawford British Resident, Bahrain from (1968 1968), Shakh Zayed was handsome man, moderate, strength, love portray and hunting, has good character, debonair and of abroad vision. (Mitera, 2007). S hakh Zayed has combing character and minimalist tangled in his actions as the situation, compassion, tolerance, an acumen, cruelly, firmness, violence and revenge. This characterized make him loved and frightens at the same time, many and varied aspect of his personality.His effected behaviors during his Golding period which more than 85 years moved into his property in Emirates made him believed that the leader can be affect by a group of his subordinates and he focuses on it. In the last twenty-four hour periods of his rule he preferred rightness as much as possible in Emirates so that can over collect his country actually well, this also delivered his relationship with the Emirates tribes leaders and kings of others countries. This can be finding it clear in when he sign panel agreement with his neighbors.Shakh Zayed has create comfort for this followers in working environment, he was questing on satisfying their need by giving them prospect to participate and indecision making also he provides him with procedures and clear expectation. In the other hand he set to satisfy their subordinates goals, helping them to develop their confidence and reassure them their leader.Historian like Mitera (2007) has described Shakh Zayed simplicity by a person how wearing simple cloths, sit-down with his people auditory modality them, dance with them which it was difficult to distinguish amongst him and any other citizen. According to Arthir Lamb, British Residency who had the opportunity to meet Shakh Sayed Said, the good example of fearfulness and pity, simple and modest and he was cold from the dominance, egotism and estrangement. Walfar Tesgar or as they called him in Arabic Mubarak Bin London has described hem in his book Sand in Arabian Island Zayed a strong man in his thirtieth of age, clever, simple and quiet (Tamam,1981). He went by himself to dress his people in marriage parties and gives consolation on death.To maintain his Emirates, Shakh Zayed had been able to enhance his internal relationship as will to manage his international relationship with some Arabian and European countries likes Brittan, KSA and Oman. In 1971 according to (Gulf News) when Britain left hand the gulf he sign friendship agreement with them representing his country and Sir Geoffry Arthur represent Britain. He was completed by circumstances to reach to sign perimeter agreement with Oman, (Asharq Alawasat News Paper, 2002), to developed friendly relationship with neighbor. In addition to that his extensive agreement exchange with KSA. By achieving this goal, Shakh Zayed has distanced his country from connecting in such international problems.Shakh Zayed had expanded this country economy to step where UAE was getting many of its impotents from word economy. This policy was based on his realistic diplomatic skill that made UAE one of the most important country and this can be find it clear from what Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi said the late p resident succeeded with outstanding leadership in the social and economic development of the country. (Gulf News).A leader find a way to change, Shakh Zayed eventually change his country from desert without any kind of life to green seaport surrounded the threes and water from everywhere he said a thrust of water in the desert equals a beating pulse.(Gulf News). After the successful transition from unknown country to a source of political, social, economical in Arab word.As leader to his follower he has well-known the desert very well, this makes him will Known as Shakh of Desert(Miatra, 2004). He said I believe one who does not know his past will not translate the present, nor will he be able to prepare the future.(gulf News). To build up his relationships with some influential country like Britain and France he attends international league about offshore oil. Most historians defecate praised the wise leadership in the leadership of his country.A leader how concern about his citizens and after that travel he remember later how impressed he had been by the level of education and medicals that these country retch, becoming strong-minded that his citizens should have the same advantage from that facilities he said the asset of any advanced nation is its people, specially the educated ones, and the prosperity and success of the people are measured by the standard of their education.(Gulf News).benefiting from hate of conspiracies, Shakh Zayed steady his cabinet of UAE to make him able to maintain the independence of his country balance of using diplomacy over military force in order to reach its objectives. Effectively he coordinates between the parties in his country to guide their work to wand to achieve the goals and further the steepest level of transaction effectiveness. According to Mitera (2007) Zayed has overcome the obstacles and personal conflicts between the royals of Emirates which required from him permanent mite with the constantly rem inded the motivation for cooperation which create a squad spirit integrated united goals and aspirations.Shakh Zayed was a dealer who has not have that large of military force, only his survival in power was to sire the consent of people and leader. He has taken a new antenna in giving the mandate more power of authorities from occupied force.As prince rather than notes collector he tried to meliorate his citizens income and this can be find it clear from what he said the money has no valve if not used to serve the citizen (Mitira, 2007) so he have in run out some of country income to his populations like Marry farm animal aimed to help youth to reduce marry expenses.A man who match with record. This achieves him to focus on conservation of nature and environment which become one of key elements of government policy. This has approved by the massive programme of put 150 million trees.Shakh Zayed Leadership StyleHuczynski Buchunan (2007) has divided the leadership style i nto three types Autocratic style, (where a leader compact the authority), Democratic style, (a leader in valves followers in decision making, encourage participation in deciding work methods and goals, given a authority and take track down back to control followers), Fair style, (giving follower kind of freedom to make decision and to decide on their work).As required by the state and politics that time, Shakh Zayed might be collecting Democratic style, because he fain more approach democracy in the meeting with seven emirates rulers and advisers, he also open this door to see the public. He didnt decline any citizens want to meet him individually. The citizens consider him as a father rather than a ruler. He used to received people by graciousness and listen to their complaints (www.uae.org.br/_PDF/zayed.pdf), he was effective solving-problems and effectively decision making piquantly when crises acquired in the country, he was not hesitate to move quickly to solve any problem happen. According to Tamam (1981) Shakh Zayed was smiley leader he uses to receive his people in smiley face, on other hand he was astringent in dealing with things that effect equity which makes his family and followers afraid from hem.As far as we knew that UAE become wider this expands need responsibility and control. Aiming that Shakh Zayed has utilized his subordinates to achieve his style, so he authorized governors appointed by administration areas. When he left the country for some circumstances and as sort of encouragement to his pray minister he delegate hem to administrate the government of UAE and his brother Halifax to responsible Abu Dhabi.The charismatic Of Shakh ZayedThe power settled to the leaders and varies in contact and reach spread sources of leadership. Leader need to have skills based on his behavior and characters. Successful leader need to have some skills to jibe the success of its function.Leader likes working A man in nature is lazy, but this not in sh ape our leader how was starting his day early morning driving his car by himself avoiding any corteges to see a project her and there, in many times when he double back back home he stopped to lesion his peoples problems this was to gave his follower a good example of loving work to achieve their responsibilities. Dominated by followers who are wishing to work, he retained the eminent personalities to choose advisers and ministers who abet referees in the carry out of the country (Tamam, 1981).A leader who discover and train leaders as a trainer, supervised by hem he trained the possible of each subordinates member this find interest and self-belief use to help him to carry out his duties. According to Tamam (1981) Shakh Zayed preferred choosing a powerful and strong leader to manage the please after that he gives them enough authorities and opportunities to build up themselves using their experiences and learn from their mistakes.Organizing responsibilities Shakh Zayed distribute the responsibilities between his subordinates as aspiration, competencies, capabilities and expertise to be able to rule his country Tamam (1981) and leader suspended direct efforts to reach the goals.Dealing with problems maybe some negative problems that might happen in the country but he has his own ethics to quell the problems, he expects the troubles before it occurred so he do not have to put down after it rise. manifestation Shakh Zayed beloved that one of the most important leader duty to prevent his followers. This makes his duty easy for giving orders to supervise the implementation.Cooperation with other leaders Shakh Zayed ties with GCC Leaders who was marked by reserved mutual respect and because of this respect he was successful lead the first meeting of GCC Conceal in Abu Dhabi. altogether leaders were in confrontation with who to develop their countries.His WeaknessesSo far and as a leader who has that grate of loved by this citizen and respect from word leaders I cant find any weaknesses but if we considered that number of boys that he left it might they fight for power.ConclusionIt is helpful to end this report by saying that, Shakh Zayed was great, smart and successful leader has high ethics, sample and loved by his people. During his ruling period, Abu Dhabi and United Arab Emirates combined, grown and developed. channelize by the wisdom foresight of its president. The result has been the creation of modern state with high infrastructure as well as heath an education.ReferencesAsharq Alawasat News Paper, 23 June 2002 issue No.8608Burke, W., Litwin, G. (1992). A causal model of organizational performance and change. Journal of Management, 18(3), 523-545.Goleman, d. and Boyatzis, R. (Sep. 2008) Intelligence and Biology of Leadership, Harvard Business Review, 74 78.Grint, K. (April 2008). Leadership, task and relationship. merciful Resource Management Journal, 18, 188 195Gulf News, Wednesday, November 3, 2004. Sheikh Zayed Passes awayH ouse, R. J., Aditya, R. N. (1997). The social scientific study of leadership. Quo vadis? Journal of Management, 23, 409-473.http// www.uae.org.br/_PDF/zayed.pdf date of access 24/02/2010Huczynski, A. and Buchanan, D. (2007). Organizational Behavior. sixth edition. London Prentice HallKotter, J. P. (1990). A forceful change How leadership differs from Management. New York Free Press.Macmillan.J, (1997).United Arab Emirates Year Book 1997. London Trident Press Ltd.Mitera. J (2007). Zayed From Challenge To Union (Arabic Copy), Center for Documentation Research Abu Dhabi, UAEPosner, Kouzes, (2003). The Leadership challenge. tierce editionTamam. H (1981). Zayed Bin Sultan Leader and Demonstration (Arabic Copy).2nd edition. Tokyo. run low Neebon Press Ltd.

Stronger Case Antigone Or Creon Philosophy Essay

Stronger Case Antigone Or Creon Philosophy EssayAt the centre of The Burial at Thebes is the contest between the belief that the gods should var. the basis of moral behaviour in the aver, presented by Antigone and Creons fictional character that the faggot crowd out define what is correct behaviour. I shall go through the school text and pick out passages that ar relevant to the incidents presented. My ratiocination will be based on which case has the most support throughout the text, body the most consistent and also the desire of the protagonists to see their views through to the decease.Antigone presents her case during the plays prologue. She believes Creons general order forbidding the burial of Polyneices is morally wrong and states all the way that she is going to bury his body (Heaney, 2004, p51). It is important to none that women played a central role in the religious conventions of funeral rites and practices (Hardwirck, 2008, p195), and these even upts contr asted with the usual exclusion of women from Grecian public life. This issue is raised by Ismene who citers herself and Antigone as two women on our own who we essential do as were told (p5).It is made clear in this passage that Antigone grapples she will be sentenced to death for defying Creon, something she has not intention of covering up. For Antigone burying her brother is a matter of showing honour to the nonviable (the ones youll be with the colossalest) and her belief that the gods will be proud of me (p6). The richness of value to the gods is a central discipline in the play and Antigones case is reinforced by her invocation to them and the immenseness of large the dead an appropriate burial. to begin with Creon has stated his case he has it beef up by the emit who describe him as right for this city at this time (p9) at the finish of the parados. Given that one function of the Chorus is to provide moral chit chat this is notable screeninging. Creon case, t hat Polyneices, a squealer, an anti- Theban Theban (p10), should not be conceal is stated during his firstborn rhesis. By giving this order Creon is not lone(prenominal) unforced to sacrifice family ties barely emphasising loyalty to the state.The security of, and loyalty to, the state is the at the heart of Creons case. His opening speech is an extended metaphor in which the state is a ship that he led to calmer waters (p8), and those that stood by him a loyal crew. Creon emphasises the words friend and family (p9) to spike his belief that individualized loyalty must forever and a day give way to truehearted craft (p9). After the war with Argos it makes mind that Creon would lack to install a sense of unity by honouring those that stood up for Thebes and highlight the importance of patriotic duty.Creon uses the gods to back up his case. For him they kept Thebes safe during the war with Argos and later on describes as preposterous the idea that the gods have had a hand( p14) in the burial of the traitor Polyneices. Creon believes his case here is strong for it would be illogical that the gods would side with Polyneices habituated that the city is under their protection (p14). If Creons view of the gods is correct, wherefore is case his strengthened but if, as the Chorus suggests, the gods have sided with Antigone than her belief that they will be proud of her appears to be true.Another theme Creon raises is his belief that dissent to his overshadow is money orientated. It warps minds and generally corrupts (p15) and is, in Creons mind, the reason why the guard has not apprehended the burier of Polyneices. When the guard suggests that the judge has misjudged everything (p16) he emphasises judge and mis when he speaks, giving an added sense of foreboding to his words. This is added to when he describes waiting for whatever execration.. the gods were sending (p19) when capturing Antigone. The theme of money and plague ar later returned to and hel p repose not only Creons case, but also himself.Antigones acceptance of death is highlighted when the guard describes how she showed no signs of panic (p20) and admitted breaking Creons law. The following agon gives each protagonist the opportunity to strengthen their cases. Antigone does this by emphasising the edict is not the law of Zeus and that she follows original, god-given laws (p20). By invoking the gods once more Antigone gives her case the backing of those that all in Thebes will worship long after Creon ceases to rule.Creon challenges Antigone when he asks if religion dictates the same for loyal and disloyal (p24). present he is supporting his belief that the gods value the security of Thebes and would not want to be joined by a traitor. When he would states he would know his enemy in the underworld (p24) Creon appears to be stating that the afterlife is a a continuation of this life, and the battles he has fought whereas for Antigone the next world is a place where u lt sins matter not and all are equal and thus that the gods are less concerned with mortal actions than Creon. With such differing views on the will of the gods the case that is the strongest will be the case that pleases the gods the most.The third end sticmythia with Haemon gives Creon the opportunity to recur and strengthen his case which he does with his opening speech. Here he restates the importance of discipline and obedience to the state when those go cities, homes and armies collapse (p15). Again Creon is stating the importance of stability as he did with his first speech and again he states that he expects his family to observe the discipline I expect from every citizen (p30). It is elusive to not respect Creons views here and the Chorus does just this when they state the he seems to make good sense (p31).By the end of the third episode the case laid out in Creons opening speech is brought to the fore. He has sacrificed his son for what he perceives to be the security o f the state and has proven that patriotic duty has triumphed over personal loyalty (p10). By relenting now Creon would destroy his case Antigone has to die for Creons case to remain strong and Creon shows that he is willing to accept the consequences of his actions when he tells the Chorus that Haemon can do his worst then (p35). Creon should have remembered the Choruss warning that anyone who oversteps what the city allows risks being model beyond the lookout (p16). Haemon tells Creon that People here in Thebes dont seem to think that Antigone is a danger. Creons solution that rulersare meant to be in charge should strengthen his case but it doesnt the Chorus also warned of the dangers of treating the lawas his own word (p33).The grace with which Antigone accepts her fate throughout the twenty-five percent episode strengthens her case. The Chorus believes that Antigone goes with her head held high and because you were noble (p37 39). It is difficult to not be moved when she s ays I close my eye on the sun. I turn my back on the light (p39) with emphasises on close, eye, sun, turn, back and light. Antigone system consistent and sees her case through to the end. In her final speech she reminds the referee that she has been punished for a reverence that was right (p41), that is a reverence to Hades, to the dead, even if they are enemies of the state and the duty of families to mourn their loved ones.By this level Creon can present his case as being successful. The state has won, and mortal that has shown a lack of loyalty has been punished as the law demanded. contempt this his case isnt as strong as it should be. The Chorus who who at first supported Creon and who he relied upon to be agents of the law (p11) have turned against him, and the warnings put to him earlier have still not been dealt with.The entry of Tiresias brings the end of Creons case. The plague the guard alluded too has become tangible, and the corpse of Polyneices is where the contag ion starts (p44). The king has been warned that the gods are revolted (p44) but when told that he can undo his mistake his first solvent is to accuse Tiresias of being bribed and his second sight.. well warped (p45). When Creon does relent it is because he has taken Antigones view that we should keep the established law (p48). This is a have it away u-turn that sees Creon accept Antigones case and proves beyond doubt that her case is the stronger of the two. It is too precise too late, Antigone is dead in her wedding dress with her beloved Haemon by her side, his mother and Creons wife Eurydice soon joins them in the underworld. Creon is destroyed he want(s) to spate death (p55) but can not. Antigone accepted the consequences of her actions but Creon has courted calamity (p56) and must accept the unknown to come.Using the criteria stated above I can only conclude that Antigone has been given the stronger case. If the play finished at the end of fourth episode it would be a hard decision but I would have sided with Antigone following her heartbreaking speeches. I would, as a modern reader, also be swayed by the belief that the state should not interfere in the religious practices of families and should not overturn centuries old traditions for policy-making reasons. Creons taking on of Antigones view and the Choruss final moral comment, that leaders should always rule by the gods and reverence them (p56), makes it impossible to draw a conclusion different to mine.

Representations Of Arabs In Shakespearean Plays English Literature Essay

Representations Of Arabs In Shakespearian Plays English Literature EssayThe early years of the 1550s witnessed the first sizeable style of disastrous people in England those whom English merchants took captive and brought to England to work as slaves (Barthelemy 1987). John Hawkins was among the earliest English adventurers to bring colour people to England and to switch round early(a) b pretermiten Afri lots into slavery in the New demonstrate World. In the 1550s, a sorry man who was brought to England was married to a indigenous albumin woman. The child that the mixed couple brought to life was described as black as coal.Arabs admit Moors and Moroccan as substantially as the people that originated from the Arabian Gulf, Middle East and northward Africa. Others whitethorn take new(prenominal) Eastern people such as Turks. The wordmoors is a opened term that is often used in the Medieval and Renaissance England. It referred to the moor, black moor, and Negroes, India ns, Mahometans and Muslims. These terms argon more than non used interchangeably.It has been seen that these people feature contend various roles in Shakespearean plays. One example of which is Othello. The principal(prenominal) character of the cataclysm, Othello, is a racial and cultural tabu fontr in Venice.This theme examines the links in the midst of the Arabs and stereotypes and how well they were represented in the Shakespearean plays. Further, this composing seeks to explain how the Arabs were viewed in these plays the sorts of stereotypes that were linked to the Arabs how these stereotypes influenced that plays and its protagonists and the change histrionicss and evolutions of the Arabs in the play.Problem story and question QuestionsIt is evident that the Arabs played a great part in the plays of Shakespeare, especi all(prenominal)y in the tragedy Othello. These representations have emerged as a major topic in modern and contemporary scholarships. Various stud ies have representations of Arabs in the English and European literature.This papers main research problem is that, on the representation of Arabs in Shakespeares plays, what is the link between the representation and the stereotypes? Specifically, this study seeks to dress the following research doubts1. How were the Arabs viewed in the plays of Shakespeare?2. What sorts of stereotypes were linked to the Arabs? These stereotypes were from Shakespeares contemporary society and fourth dimension number which is 16th and 17th century Britain.3. How these stereotypes affected the plays and its protagonists?4. How do the Arab representations changed and evolved in the plays?Research ObjectivesThe main objective of this paper is examining the link between the stereotypes and the Arab representation made by Shakespeare in his plays. These stereotypes were from Shakespeares contemporary society and time frame which is 16th and 17th century Britain. This aims to examine the effects these representation had on the written plays as well as to study the evolution of these representations. ambit and LimitationThe scope of the study shall remain in the examination of the gene linkage between the Arab representation of Shakespeare in his plays and with the stereotypes of his time. It can be said that this shall include interdisciplinary studies of history and literature. However, this paper shall remain a paper for literature. Arab volition be the term to be used in this study however, this may also include other Eastern people such as Turks, as necessary.Since the main focus of the study is on Arab representation of Shakespearean classics, the tec will only be limited to the examination of the same. Thitherfore, the researcher shall non include other literary works that have the same subject. Finally, the researcher will not be concerned on the compend and the criticism of the literary pieces that include the representation because of the reasons that were mentione d in the aims of this study.Review of associate LiteratureIn the tragedy, Othello, casting the male protagonist as black, Shakespeare activates all the fantasms that have obsessed white society about miscegenation to our day accrue the idea of the black man and the white woman. The double standards of contemporary society, a fortiriori in Shakespeares time, do not hold the same anger against dealing between a white man and a black woman, where the untrue dominant and grovelling gender roles are matched in the racists minds with the desired racial roles (Serageldin 1998). Shakespeare draws out a powerful argument for the profound alienation of Othello, who-despite arriving at his position by Venetian merit, which also requires him to deny himself-is still undo because of his race and his erstwhile, if not continued, religion.When it comes to Morocco and the run across of Moors, generally speaking, the relationship between Morocco and England was a friendly one. All along, the relations between the two monarchs were of special personality in spite of the fact that violations happened from time to time from both sides. As has been pointed out in the introduction and throughout this thesis, the Anglo-Moroccan alliance was at round point so strong that the two sides fought side by side in the Cadiz expedition to punish the Spanish (the common enemies of the Moors and the English) and planned to vivify the contender of the Portuguese to his Royal seat and to challenge the Spanish interests in the Atlantic and the West Indies. Matar describes the relations between England and Morocco in the Elizabethan bound as oscillating between cooperation and conflict, trade and piracy. However, it should be noted here that the Moors, historically speaking, were not so much abhorred by Elizabethan Englishmen as many of their European foes mainly the Spanish and the French. The then anti-foreign sentiment (whether anti- Spanish, French, Dutch or African) was common. Th e Moors, though different in religion, and in color, were treated by Britons no worse than, may be better than, any other European, Dutch, Flemish, Spanish or French, aliens, pirates, merchants or ambassadors.Shakespeare is not the only dramatist who use foreign and exotic settings in his plays, but Shakespeares distinction was that he did well what many others have failed to do. He was able to imagine life from the sight of these others while many of his fellow playwrights could not (Elaskary 2008). Shakespeare was bold enough in introducing a revolution in the representation of the Moor, as he did with the Jew. Shakespeare introduced his auditory modality and readers to different types of Moors and blackmoors. The most famous, kind of notorious, among Shakespeares Moors (other than Othello) is Aaron in Titus Andronicus while Caliban in The tempest deservedly takes the status of his deputy. Aaron is among Shakespeares articulated villains. He is described as rude dog, unhallow ed slave Act V, iii, 14 and he commits horrible crimes against other characters in the play. Caliban is a little picaresque dwarfish character.Shakespeares Moors are portrayed in a way that is independent and unique yet not very detached from the time or society in which the plays were written. Othello may have some elements of the stereotypal Moor of his time but he is far more human, influential, and independent. though the play was acted before King James I and his men, Shakespeare, unlike the absolute majority of his contemporary dramatists, seems not to have been incriminated in the then with-it habit of worshipping his King and stigmatizing the Others and foreigners to amuse the King and his retinue (Elaskary 2008).When it came to the representation of Moors in Elizabethan drama, it was concluded by Elaskary (2008) that the image of Moors was not static, though stereotypal it was varied, inconsistent, confounding and illogical. As the relations between Morocco and England ranged from friendship to enmity so did the image of Moors. When sketching out the plays that were written in the Elizabethan era, the reader may fuck off the raging Turk the good Turk, the voluptuous, treacherous black Moor, and the noble Moor. The trend at that time, however, was that in general the others (be they blacks, Moors, Spaniards, French, or Irish) would be the villains, the plotters, and the killers while the white natives would be the courageous men and defenders of country and Queen. Sins and crimes have been committed by the black and the white peoples since the dawn of history but the key point is, that when the white man commits a crime this does not indicate or involve an inherent judgment of his race or the nationality to which he belongs as it does with the black man.The representation of Moors in the period under study (as has forever and a day been) was of all time politically motivated. That is why the prudent reader will notice that that Moors with darker bark were more often painted in the darkest colors merciless conspirators, haters and murderers, than those light(a) or brown discase Moors. Muly Mahamet, Aaron and Caliban may fit in this category. North African Moors, however, fared well on the London stage. Abdelmelec, Muly Hamet and Othello come in this category. If zipper could have washed the black Moors white the friendly ties between Morocco and England positively affected the way Moors from Morocco were represented on the London stage (Elaskary 2008). It turns out that it was the political element rather than the religious, racial or cultural ones that played the leading role when it came to representing the other in Elizabethan England. It might not have been safer (or wiser) for Elizabethan dramatists to categorically oppose, challenge, or criticize the political place of the period. Those who did boldly challenge and scruple the political taboos at that time end up penniless or in jail. Thus, John Marston (and Rob ert Greene) was imprisoned and his manuscripts burn down for his anti-James I writings at the turn of the seventeenth century (Farag).Othellos tragedy is bared before the audiences eyes, and continues to challenge the racism and gender double standards that pestis society today. It ac grappleledges the profound human frailties that jealousy can prey upon in all of us, but it also invites us to question the social scene that would prevent people to behave in a natural and compassionate way and invites us to ask why it should be so (Serageldin 1998). methodology and Method of AnalysisData driven research is an easy survival for the researcher. This is a flexible and responsive approach and the researcher will not know where the data can lead into. Although the literature is quite concentrated because at the start of the study the researcher will not know which literature will be relevant later. Reading is therefore postponed until the literatures relevance is judged later on. C onsequently, this may affect the structure of the research later on. Secondly, it is not only the interpretation and the understanding that emerge during the research summons. The same is also applied in choosing the methodology. The contents of the research and its process both expand during the proceedings of the research.It has been a debate amongst research students the misalignment between the philosophical pluralism and methodological pluralism. This misalignment can create confusion during the entire research process. When linking the decimal and qualitative methods of research with the understanding interpretation of philosophy which is positivism and interpretive, the research process often becomes too difficult for many. Along with other constraints, researchers face lack of time, intensity of program, through to willingness in engaging with literature. This confusion drives researchers to remove themselves in the theory and just carry out the research based on their in itial goal on what to achieve in it.This relationship between the methods and philosophy has caused this current research on the investigation of Shakespeares portrayal of Richard lead with so much anxiety and thought provoking questions. In this research, quantitative tools are used together with the inductive and deductive approaches.Easterby-Smith, et al (2002) has highlighted the splendor of the relationship between the research philosophy and the research methods. According to them, this relationship allows one in taking a more informed ratiocination regarding the research approach helps in deciding which method/s are appropriate for the research lets the researcher think about constraints that may baffle the research.Checkland and Hollwell (1998) added the component of framework which is epistemology. This consists of assumptions and counted as knowledge. It is expected that researchers shall explain and justify their single epistemologies, their methodology and methods as well as their conclusions. Evidently, this approach encourages the researchers in existence more mindful during the research process.Qualitative research allows the subjects being canvas to give much richer answers to questions put to them by the researcher, and may give precious insights which might have been missed by any other method. not only does it provide valuable information to certain research questions in its own right but there is a strong shield for using it to complement quantitative research methods. Qualitative research has its grow in social science and is more concerned with understanding why people behave as they do their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, fears, etc.ConclusionIn the tragedy, Othello, casting the male protagonist as black, Shakespeare activates all the fantasms that have haunted white society about miscegenation to our day the idea of the black man and the white woman. The double standards of contemporary society, a fortiriori in Shakespeares tim e, do not hold the same anger against relations between a white man and a black woman, where the assumed dominant and submissive gender roles are matched in the racists minds with the desired racial roles. Shakespeare draws out a powerful argument for the profound alienation of Othello, who-despite arriving at his position by Venetian merit, which also requires him to deny himself-is still destroyed because of his race and his erstwhile, if not continued, religion.The representation of Moors in the period under study (as has always been) was always politically motivated. That is why the prudent reader will notice that that moors with darker skin were more often painted in the darkest colors merciless conspirators, haters and murderers, than those light or brown skin Moors. It turns out that it was the political element rather than the religious, racial or cultural ones that played the leading role when it came to representing the other in Elizabethan England. It might not have been safer (or wiser) for Elizabethan dramatists to flatly oppose, challenge, or criticize the political line of the period. Those who did boldly challenge and question the political taboos at that time ended up penniless or in jail.Othellos tragedy is bared before the audiences eyes, and continues to challenge the racism and gender double standards that plague society today. It acknowledges the profound human frailties that jealousy can prey upon in all of us, but it also invites us to question the social context that would prevent people to behave in a natural and humane way and invites us to ask why it should be so.Work Plan and TimetableTask DescriptionFebMarAprMayJunJulAugfamilyOctWriting of Research ProposalIntensive Review of Related Studies consummation of Research MethodologyAnalysis of Data GatheredWriting the Research PaperPresentation and Defense of the Research Paper

Preparing a Website for Sale :: Sell Websites Buy Websites

Preparing a Website for Sale Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.comA website proprietor recently asked me to succinctly define what an owner must do in order to prepare a website for sales agreement. I segmented my response into major(ip) categories as followsFinancialSince most website sales are based upon a multiple of the interchange flow (either EBITDA or Discretionary Cash Flow), the website owner must have entirely of the financial records segregated and in keen order. At a minimum, we would suggest having three years of financial statements and assess returns. If there are substantial differences between taskable income and book income (e.g. cash belowcoat vs. accrual), those must be identified and explained. Culling out all satisfying discretionary expenditures along with isolating any unusual and non-recurring expenditures and losses allow be outstanding.OperationsThe Seller will want to identify all crossways and services provided by his (her) website an d the specific markets served. In this review, it will be important to define the strategic advantages enjoyed by the website in their respective niche as well as comparative gross profit margins for each product and service.Growth OpportunitiesWhile buyers will purchase a website at a price predicated on up-to-the-minute and historical cash flows, the main nervous impulse for the purchase will be the ability of the buyer to grow the website at a rate that exceeds the norm for similar opportunities. It is important for the Seller to meet those growth possibilities and define them tangibly in terms of product extensions to current lines, existing products to new markets, better market penetration, wider geographical distribution and etc.Deal StructureThe preponderance of transactions in the sale of in camera held website are handled as an asset sale (versus sale of stock). This type of sale will result in the buyer receiving a stepped up basis in the assets purchased (which g enerates future tax deductions) while concurrently avoiding unwanted dependant upon(p) liabilities that result from a stock sale. The owner must sit good deal with his CPA and/or attorney and understand the tax implications of this transaction under each scenario so that he will not be affect at goal or worse yet, when preparing his individual and corporate tax return. Remember, its not what you get but what you keep that countsAvailable Financing approximately website owners would prefer to be cashed out of the transaction at closing and do as little owner financing as possible.