Psychology As A Science

Psychology being categorised under the name science, can often lead to disputes within the field of sciences. Psychology is the observation of behaviour and thought process of the human mind, within itself it is a vital source of knowledge, such as how biology, chemistry and physics provides a source of knowledge that is vital to humans and the environment. Science can be seen as the study of natural behaviours and physical aspects of the world, this definition within itself accompanies itself with the idea that psychology is a science, as behaviours are studied within the field of psychology.Eysenck and Keane (2000) believed that to make something a science it must have the following features, controlled observation, in which a specific manipulation is observed to see the effects. Secondly objectivity, as when data has been collected objectively it reduces the possibility of bias, thirdly testing theoretical predictions, because if a theory is not tested there is no evidence to prov ide if it is right or wrong.Fourthly is falsifiability, which means the scientific theory has the potential to be proved wrong by evidence, fifthly is the unifying theory which is every subject within the sciences has a unifying approach all theories are based off. Finally there is the fact of is any research conducted replicable, as it is hard to rely on studies that could provide inconsistent findings. Although providing clear guidelines on what makes a science, there are still some aspects which make the divide not as clear as believed.For example psychology uses the scientific method in some of the studies conducted, which is used throughout science for all research, so this aspect can be seen to make psychology a science. Too many the field of psychology is classed as a science; the science of the mind, as it looks at the most complex thing on Earth, the human mind, all theories on behaviours and thoughts stem from psychology (BBC, 2013).In many areas psychology and the three s ciences (physics, biology and chemistry) have similarities, for example, the sciences can be seen as reductionist as they try to take a complex behaviour or physical problem and break it down in to a simpler form. Many theories within psychology on similar problems can also be seen as reductionist as it aims to take complex behaviours and thoughts and break it down in to easier components to study.An example of this can be shown by Freud (1909), Freud believes behaviour stems from the unconscious mind, making it a reductionist as it does not take biology or other factors in to account. Reductionism can be seen to be an advantage when it comes to conducting a study as it means testable predictions can be created, and then can be carried out in a controlled experiment. Although by making a reductionist theory can also cause disadvantages such as falsifiability. Popper (1963) believed falsifiability was key to science, as science does not seek to prove its own theory right, but tries t o confirm it as wrong.This means that if a theory is un-falsifiable then it is not scientific, psychology in many sectors is falsifiable through problems such as reductionism, but there are also theories that are un-falsifiable as they are untestable such as many of Freuds (1909) theories display, for example the Oedipus complex can neither be proven nor disproven. As well as having issues with falsifiability psychology also lacks the objectivity needed for science to make it truly scientific, as without objectivity the research is prone to becoming bias.Even in experiments such as Skinners (1956) rat experiment can be shown to be subjective, because although the rat is pressing the lever and the lever presses are recorded automatically, it is still down to the opinion of the researcher on when he believes the rat has learnt by pressing the lever they get a treat. This can be counteracted on the bases that psychology has the unique position of studying the human mind which in itself is difficult to operationalize, as not all parts of the behaviour and thoughts can be measured scientifically, which unlike atomic mass or miles per hour in science can be.Science within itself can also come across problematic issues over control and objectivity. An example of this is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle â€Å"The more precisely the position is determined, the less precisely the momentum is known in this instant, and vice versa. † (Heisenberg, 1972) which means if something is precisely measured, and a hypothesis is believed to be true, it can often distant the researcher from the actual result. An issue with measuring investigations using the scientific method in general is it can restrict and affect answers within itself.An example is it can be argued that laboratory experiments are very artificial, so do not provide a clear picture of what would happen in real life terms. As well as sharing similarities with science on the basis they both have issues with control and objectivity, they both also share the same goals. They have three aims, the prediction, understanding and control over a study. Scientists and psychologists both put a theory forward, these theories in both cases lead to a creation of a hypotheses, this is the prediction.The next step is the understanding which is when you receive results from a prediction it should give the researcher and anyone reading the report a greater understanding of that subject. Control is the final step, the knowledge gained from the proven hypothesis provides knowledge which can be used to alter certain factors in the world. The three aims of science are according to Allport (1947), psychology follows these same three aims throughout studies, reporting and publishing work just as biology, chemistry and physics do.Throughout psychology the scientific method is used, but not in all areas although science has default problems itself with the scientific method. So it cannot always be said subjec ts within science always stick within the scientific boundaries themselves. Another point within psychology is psychology is a ‘new’ science, biology, chemistry and physics have been in service for a good period longer, so it may be in time more likely to be classed as a science.Nevertheless Miller (1983) would argue psychology is just a pseudoscience, an approach that claims to be scientific but does not have the key principles of science, he claims this can be dangerous as psychology is claiming to be a science, it provides the false ideal that their findings is ‘fact’. Although in comparison it could be argued that there is no ultimate knowledge of human’s behaviours and thoughts, so there must be a science to take over this role of discovering behaviours and thoughts.Science may study the physical aspects of the brain e. g. hormones that can be proven through empirical evidence, but it does not study the unknown areas such as behaviours, this is where psychology can provide answers. For example Piaget’s (1966) stages of development theory, that people develop starting at the pre-concrete stage and move throughout these stages until they reach the formal stage, science does not provide an answer for how humans develop in this sense.In conclusion psychology may seem like a vague  subject with no clear goals or guidelines, but it does have aims, its aim is to study the mind, the way people behave and think. Science still has unexplainable occurrences, that have no empirical evidence so in turn cannot be falsified, which in itself should make it not scientific. Psychology can provide answers for what science cannot explain, such as how memories are stored, psychology provides a theory for this whereas science does not. In conclusion psychology can be seen as a science to explain human behaviour that other sciences cannot.

Domestic Animal Essay

Even every child knows what it is animal. And I bet with you that every child sees it interesting to have some animal at home, to own it and to care for it. My first animal was given to me in my age of seven and it was little guinea-pig which was three-coloured. That time, I think, my love for animals begins and I doubt it will ever stop. I always hear children say they really want to have some pet – cat or dog, mostly dog. And most of the time they have to wait until they can buy it by themselves because their parents don’t want to be responsible for other member of their family. And yes, animal like cat or dog becomes member of your family if you want it or not. But I fell in love with guinea-pigs. I had four of them till now. But every time it was one single animal in my room with me, one little friend. As I grew up it wasn’t only friendly and definitely lovely face which I like on them but their character which was different in every of them. They can be snuggling but they can easy become angry with you and then you have to be careful to find your way to them again. After some time guinea-pigs became my new hobby. I caught up with few breeders and found out new interesting things for example about genetics of exhibition guinea-pigs. I said before that animals like dogs become members of your family but after all even a far more little â€Å"thing† joined to our family life. Once I told my father that he’s speaking more with our Jack than with me! 🙂 And when we are talking about family life maybe the next time I will buy a couple with genealogical tree and join to the breeders†¦ But now I have something else in my room, something which can be counted to animals. It is my little sister. She is like other children. She wanted dog, but zhen I explained to her very carefully that she should try something else to our parents. Finally it seems that she is more practical now so we have periodical discussion about bunnies on Sunday and I think that it won’t last long to break our mom. And after all bunnies are good friends with guinea-pigs†¦ but we will have to think up what to do with the hunte-cat of our neighbours.

David Boring by Daniel Clowes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

David Boring by Daniel Clowes - Research Paper Example Critics judge his creations with a variety of comments and in my essay I will clearly specify my own personal critical view of the writer as well as the author. Born in Chicago in 1961, Daniel Clowes is a renowned author, screenwriter and graphic artist. In his early years, he was unable to find a decent job in his field of interest that is cartooning even with a BFA degree in hand and had to start his career as working freelance and underground. His first project was the comic book series Lloyd Llewellyn, which brought him little yet significant amount of recognition and encouraged him to adopt different types of storytelling ways. His natural talent and abilities have allowed him to set outstanding standards within the field for the past seventeen years. A lonely childhood sparked Clowes’s interest in drawing. He was sent to live with his grandparents at the age of four due to some major family issues and therefore, he had little company growing up. "I spent my whole childho od not saying a word," he explained to  Guardian  writer Craig Taylor. Therefore, drawing and comic writing fascinated him as they provided a channel he could use to convey his thoughts to others simultaneously, proving to be a good solution to his boredom. He possessed a natural artistic streak and therefore, spent innumerable hours drawing and creating comic book figures and characters.   Clowes’s comics majorly revolve around themes like action – based fiction and fantasies. His most famous works came at a time when the comic writing was undergoing serious transformational changes in the 80s and 90s. One of his popular works is the mysterious murder mystery of â€Å"David Boring’, which has been recognized as one of the ten best English language graphic novels ever written. The book portrays the catastrophes that occur from time to time in the life of David, an eponymous, young, American fellow who roams around looking for his soul mate, the perfect wo man for him, and instead came across his father, a comic artist whom he never had a chance to meet. Indeed, Clowes is an impressive writer whose capability of remaining both creative and entertaining is reflected in mostly all his works. According to a critic, David Boring is an exceptional work of skillful storytelling but lacks all kinds of emotional touches (Kannenberg, 2008). From his writings, we are now conversant with calm, composed and controlled Clowes. David Boring is quite an interesting and fascinating book, and Clowes exceptional artwork and character development techniques have made it worth reading. The contextualization of drama and action has been done using varied drawing styles, which change often drastically, as the story moves from one scene to the other (Marrone, 2009). Changes in the setting and the mood have been observed to be swift but smooth and effortless. The brilliance of Clowes is depicted by his frequent use of sharp and bold sketches when creating me lodramatic moods. On the other hand, he keeps his work simple and cute at other places to maintain the ‘cartoonish’ touch of his characters. The artwork in regards to color schemes is impressive. The comic has the traditional black and white color but touches of pale blue enhance the effects greatly, by reflecting the moods of the characters in light of the events happening. Moreover, it also signifies the changes in themes of the story as the story

I need me summary of psychological artilce Essay

I need me summary of psychological artilce - Essay Example It has been estimated that anywhere from 9% to 80% of children with ADHD have significant learning problems.’ This problem of hyperactivity adversely influences the quality of life of the child through poor performance on all academic fronts. Though genetically influenced, yet underachievement is adversely influenced by hyperactivity. The method used for the research included multivariate genetic analysis since univariate is not capable of addressing the etiology regarding the covariance between the two – hyperactivity and academic achievement. Multivariate genetic research exploring the etiology of co-morbidity between diagnoses of ADHD and reading disability (RD) suggests that there is a significant genetic overlap between the two disorders (Light, Pennington, Gilger, & DeFries, 1995; Willcutt, Pennington, & DeFries, 2000). The research also found out that between the two disorders about 64% of the phenotype covariance was attributed to influences which were commonly genetic in nature. Co-relations between the parents and teachers on the agreement for hyperactivity were more or less the same. The results for association between hyperactivity and academic achievement showed that problems of hyperactivity were strongly associated to academic achievement than the regular cognitive behavior. Results also showed that cognitive behavior generally des not substantially contribute to any covariance between hyperactivity and achievement. When comparing among the children, the results in the teacher ratings showed that children who exhibited greater hyperactivity also exhibited lower levels of achievement academically. For the parent ratings the results showed that the co-relation between hyperactivity and academic achievement for lower for the males and females when compared to the teacher groups. It was found that genetic covariance between the two – hyperactivity and achievement was consistent between the narrowly defined phenotype regarding problems of

Essentials of corporate financial management Coursework

Essentials of corporate financial management - Coursework Example In addition, the tool can easily be modified to reflect updated information or changes in perceived risk, this is done by amending either the cash flows used or using an alternative discount rate. NPV however, is not without its problems. While the method is easily understood by those with an accounting background, a positive NPV leading to the acceptance of a project and a negative NPV a rejection. The actual calculations can be difficult to explain to a non-financial manager, the method can also be time consuming to set up in the first place. As such, the client may choose to use alternative methods including payback period or internal rate of return (IRR). Payback period is tool which gives a simple approximation of the length of time a project will take to pay back based upon an undiscounted cash flow. As such, the tool is easily explained to the non-financial manager but can be seen as oversimplified, not taking into account the time value of money (Arnold, 2007, Tennentt 2008). IRR on the other hand is similar to NPV in that the tool works with discounted cash flows however, instead of delivering a bottom line return on the project, the tool returns a return as a percentage in relation to the discount rate used. As such, this can be an appealing way of presenting financial information to managers who are used to dealing with percentages and other forms of sales data. Despite the use of these tools for the purposes of financial evaluation, it may be of greater importance for the client to consider qualitative data in relation to potential projects as well as the financial data. For instance, the client may consider the marketing benefits associated with the project which could be used to drive a clear message of the company’s commitments to the community and the wider social environment. In addition, the client also needs to be careful to consider the nature of the assumptions used in the building of any financial models. For instance, an assumption has been made that the cost of particle acquisition has been guaranteed by contract at ?3.50 per tonne for the next five years. However, the client should consider various scenarios such as the liquidation of the supplier and the then changed cost of acquiring the raw material in such an environment. As such, it may be stated that the validity of any financial modelling is only as good as the information from which the model is built. As such, while the clients NPV methodology is a good one in conducting a project appraisal, the client should also consider conducting a number of other forms of analysis alongside this, including payback period, IRR and qualitative analysis. A sample payback period, NPV and IRR have been provided in appendix one with the following results: NPV: ?3,847,144 – Accept Project IRR: 79.93% - Accept Project Payback period – Within 2 years Client 2 In the scenario presented, the client is left with two major options for the funding of any futur e expansions, namely long term debt funding through bonds and long term equity funding through the issue of new share capital. In addition, the client may consider a hybrid option issuing both long term debt and equity to fund future growth. In making any decision, one of the prime considerations of any financing exercise is to consider the cost of finance. In general terms, the cost of debt is seen in the literature as having a generally lower

Retail Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Retail Marketing - Essay Example A good marketing mix entails place, packaging, product, promotion and price. Strategy of retailing is always first drawn in a business plan. A business plan entails information about the objective and goals of the business. The plan always embraces research over who the business’s potential customers are as well as what their necessities. The plan should consist decisions on marketing mix style, such as how the customers will acquire the products. An efficacious retail company recognizes their market, the essential of considered location, and their customers. Competition in the retail business is sometime fierce, thus, such companies need the superlative micro marketing implements or factors accessible to analyze where to locate new stores inaugurate client profiles, and regulate preeminent marketing practices in order to treasure new customers (Berman, and Evans, 30-90). Some of the factors are explained in the following paragraphs. First factor is the retail pricing. In the industry of commerce retail pricing is denoted as psychological prices. In retail marketing, the prices are always fixed and exhibited on signs. This is because when prices are not displayed clearly, there can be price discernment. This is where the price for sale relies on the customers (Berman, and Evans, 30-90). ... Using of clients patronage, more or less constantly predicts the necessity for staffing for different function. Typically necessity varies extensively. Compliant staff exploitation to staffing necessities obliges a flexible workforce that can be available when required (Kappa, 90-9). Third factor is the transfer mechanism in retail marketing. It is tremendously vital for retailers to consider the means of delivering their products to their customers. There are various means of delivering goods to consumers: Counter services, it is mostly applied where products are not accessible to clients and must be acquired from the seller. This delivery service is mostly for small costly goods such as jewelry and controlled substances such as liquor and medicine (â€Å"Turning the Retail 'Showrooming Effect' into a Value-add†). Another means of getting goods to customers is through delivery. With this service products are shipped directly to clients home or at their work (â€Å"Retail Mar keting†). Telephone ordering is common nowadays either from television advertisement, newspaper, catalog or a local restaurant menu, for instant services such pizza delivery. Lastly is the door to door marketing, where the retailer travels with products for sale (Kappa, 90-9). Fourth factor of retailing is the customer services. This is the sum of deeds and components that permit the consumers to obtain what they desire from the retailer establishment. It is advisable for sales associates to welcome customers and make themselves available to aid the customers reach what they need (â€Å"Advance marketing strategies with ROI at every step†). When customers enter into the store, it is essential that the sales associate to make sure customers feel at home,

Mathematics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mathematics - Essay Example (c) Let us take values u1 = 1 u2 = 2 u3 = 3 u4 = 4 p = q = 1 Putting these values in the MS Office Excel gives the following output. Input Parameters u1 = 1 u2 = 2 u3 = 3 u4 = 4 p = 1 q = 1 Output Values a = 1 b = 1 c = 2 d = 0 The excel file is also attached an if the input values for u1, u2, u3, u4, p and q are changed the solution values a, b, c an d will also get suitably changed. Q1. (d) A set of ‘m’ linear equations in ‘n’ variables is expressed by the following equation in terms of matrix notation: Ax = b Where A is ‘mxn’ matrix of the coefficients of the system x is ‘nx1’ column vector and b is ‘mx1’ column vector If the ‘b’ vector is a zero vector i.e. all the elements of this vector are zero, then the system of equations is called a ‘Homogeneous System’ If the ‘b’ vector is non-zero vector i.e. if even one of the elements is non-zero then the system of equations is termed as ‘Nonhomogenous System’. Q1. (e) A homogeneous system always has a trivial solution i.e. a solution vector with all the elements being zero. However, for a homogeneous system to have a non-trivial solution the Determinant of Matrix A must be equal to zero. i.e. for non – trivial solution of Ax = b (b = 0) Determinant A = 0 Q2. (a) The profile of the boiler shell is made by revolution of a parabola. Let us assume that equation of the parabola is y = a + bx2 Let us place centre of the co-ordinate system at the middle of the shell. Then, at x = 0 y = 2 i.e. 2 = a + b*02; or, a = 2 And at x = 4 y = 1.5 i.e. 1.5 = 2 + b*(42) or, b = - (1/32) Hence equation of the parabola is Y = 2 – (1/32)x2 where, -4 < x < 4 Plot of the parabola is shown below. If this parabolic profile is rotated about x-axis, it will produce the shell of the boiler and that will enclose a volume, which will be the volume of water that can be contained and hence boiled in this boiler. Esse ntially, what is required is to calculate the volume enclosed by this rotation. The volume of such a boiler will be Therefore, V = 85 m3 Hence, 85 m3 water can be boiled in the boiler. Q2. (b) Integration is essentially summation and therefore, it is important to realize as what is it that is integrated or summed up. It is essentially the product of the dependent variable (y) and infinitesimally small increment in the independent variable or ?x which is continuously summed up. If we know from which point to which point this summation is to be done, then we get a definite answer and this integral is known as definite integral. Mathematically it is expressed by indicating the limits or boundaries of integration as shown below. This is a definite integral with integration being carried out between ‘a’ and ‘b’ (a < b) for y, which is a function of x. This definite integral gives many useful parameters like area under curve, area of a curved surface, volume of a container etc. as shown in Q2. (a), where volume of the boiler was calculated using a definite integral. However, many times we many not know the limits of integration, this is where we are not solving any particular physical or engineering problem but just interested in

Liberal Arts Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Liberal Arts Studies - Essay Example It is reasonable to see corporations and communities as benefiting from the struggle and competition that Darwin saw in the animal world and applied to humans as well. With a new job opening, for example, candidates will be determined as qualified or unqualified. The qualified applicants will get the interview for the chance to prove that they are up to the task and capable of doing what is required. Ideally, the best (or strongest) candidate based on the job description will be hired for the job. However, in the business world this is not always the case. Often the person hiring for the job will hire someone based on their personality or if they know them personally. So the most qualified or strongest applicant often does not get the job. However, ideally, a smart business person would hire the strongest and best qualified candidate. In modern society, certain jobs have been reduced or even eliminated. With the growth of technology, many professions were reduced in number while new professions were created. There are numerous examples of people who are professionals making a lot of money who are laid off and find themselves out of work and unable to get another job.

Legal Language-Research Essay Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Legal Language- Essay - Research Paper Example This assignment will look at the impact of new media on the conduct of judges and juries in relation to a public lecture by the Chief justice of the Victorian Supreme Court, Marilyn Warren, on Open justice in the technological age (Warren, 2013). Juries play a fundamental role in allowing for a participation in the criminal justice process that is all inclusive and reflective of the values found I the community (Robbers, 2008). As such, juries are made up of people gotten from the community and who determine the outcome of a trial. They are to reach decisions basing on the information obtained from court proceedings. This is done with full respect of the law and also in accordance to instructions given to them by the judges overseeing the trials. Information they obtain during court proceedings which in law sums up as evidence is not supposed to be communicated to members outside the jury (Harlow, 2012). They are required to make their deliberations among themselves and not include members of the public including friends and relatives as doing so would compromise on their impartiality if not objectivity. In addition, they are not supposed to have preconceived opinions pertaining to the defendant such as whether he is guilty or not and only use the rule of law to arrive at their decisions. The introduction of new media especially one that is associated with internet is threatening to undermine the workings of juries (Surette, 2014). This is because it posses the challenge on need to observe the right of the public to be given information pertain to their justice system and that of the accused to be subjected to a trial perceived to be fair by all standards. This challenge has caused some juries to be in new headlines for all the wrong reasons. Jurors are now getting used to accessing information that is fast passed as they constantly receive emails, Facebook and twitter posts that influences their

N a response no longer than one page single-spaced, describe any Essay

N a response no longer than one page single-spaced, describe any obstacle(s) that you had to overcome to reach your senior year - Essay Example Since we were used to a very lavish lifestyle full of luxury, we faced difficulties because we had to cut our spending on everything from the electricity bills to eating out and shopping designer clothes. This was a huge change for all of us especially for me and this made me very much frustrated. When I entered high school, we did not have enough money to pay for my school but I was adamant that I wanted to continue my studies in the same school. Luckily, I came across an ad in the newspaper which was looking for a writer. I immediately applied for the job and got a call after a few days after which I was employed and I started working from home using my laptop. In this way, I was also able to earn money for my school fees and I also didn’t have to quit my studies.1 Work Cited Montez, Michele., & Vogler, Christopher. The Writers Journey: Mythic Structure for Writers. 3rd Edn. Michael Wiese Productions, 2007.

Information Age & its Impact on United States Essay Example for Free

Information Age its Impact on United States Essay number of propositions. It implies that there is more information now than ever before an indisputable claim. The concept also implies that more people spend more time producing and using more information than ever before another indisputable assertion. Beyond that, the Information Age also suggests that the role of information is more important in the economy than ever before, and that information is replacing some earlier fuel of the American economy (Duncan 1994). These days the primary problem for most organizations and their employees is not the shortage of data but being able to evaluate what is useful and what is not, where to find the good stuff, and then how to use it effectively (Computer Weekly 2005). During the past 25 years, the industry has changed from simple data processing techniques high profile information technology. The challenges of data quality, regulation, access and exploitation are rapidly increasing in urgency (Computer Weekly 2005). For any organization effective information management will make the difference between coping with a dreary burden or using information to gain clarity and build new opportunities. The extended theory founded on this core belief divides U. S. economic history into different eras, depending on the primary economic activity during the period (Duncan 1994). From colonial times until late in the 19th century, the American economy was agrarian. Then, roughly from the dawn of the 20th century through the end of the Second World War, it was preeminently a manufacturing economy. Industry especially heavy industry was the motor that drove the entire economic engine. After World War II, the American economy increasingly came to be dominated by its service sector. By the mid-1950s, more than one-half of all U. S. employment was devoted to providing services rather than to fabricating goods (Duncan 1994). The Pre-Information Age business office was supported by the hierarchical managerial system to keep track of employees and the work they produced (Dmytrenko 1992). Office equipment included information producing tools, such as typewriters and adding machines. Most of the equipment was simple, manual in operation, bulky, and noisy. Clerical staff primarily used this equipment, as they were the appointed information processors of the time. Early efforts to improve office efficiency used industrial engineering techniques, employing time and motion studies to standardize the work tasks of office support staff, and maximize the workflow through effective office design. Information management was categorized as an intensely manual recordkeeping process (Dmytrenko 1992). Filing systems (alpha and/or numeric), and cross-referenced indexes were the prevailing records management techniques employed, and to be on the safe side, offices maintained multiple copies of the same document for back-up purposes. These practices resulted in increasing demands for office space dedicated to files. One source of confusion is the fact that the movements from manufacturing to services, and then to information, were of a different character than in earlier transitions. In the first place, while the transition from an agricultural to a manufacturing-based economy was marked by a decline in the number of jobs in agriculture, there has been no such diminution in the number of manufacturing jobs after the shift to a service economy. Moreover, American manufacturing currently accounts for roughly the same percentage of U. S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as three decades ago (Duncan 1994). As a further complication, many argue that the services sector of the economy simply cannot be seen as a separate segment or an economic subsystem. These observers instead insist that it serves precisely the manufacturing sector it is supposed to have replaced and remains dependent even parasitic on manufacturing (Duncan 1994). Moreover, coming up with clear definitions and boundaries for the information industry is, on reflection, a highly complicated undertaking. The Pre-Information Age home was supported by very basic home appliances. These appliances were either on or off, and the home-user manually directed the status. Outside of some minor kitchen improvements, and the advent of television, the average person saw home advancements limited to seasonal color changes, such as avocado green stoves (Dmytrenko 1992). Ongoing changes prevailed in the automobile industry, but slowly. Overall the era was devoid of any electronic intelligence. Business and the home were very separate and different worlds. The predominant orientation was that working people went to work to work, and the home was a place not to work. The telephone was the only information technology common to both the office and home.

Windows Vs Linux Comparison

Windows Vs Linux Comparison Linux and windows operating systems are software with programs and information needed to run and monitor the computer programs. An operating system is one of the most important computer programs which a computer can not run without them. Even though they are both important for computer programs, Linux and windows are two different operating systems and they have different features which basically differentiates them. (Web msdn.microsoft.com, online)[26th September 2010] This project will basically focus on the difference between Linux and windows, the importance of Linux and widows operating systems, the top 6 most important difference between Linux and windows and a summary table of the difference and similarities of the two and it will also cover the background of the two operating systems. OBJECTIVES This major of this project are; To discuss the difference between Linux and windows To discuss the importance of the two operating systems To discuss the top 6 most important difference between Linux and windows BACKGROUND STUDY Windows was introduced in 1983 by Microsoft and it has been there most success as it has been dominating other computer operating systems and it is the most preferred operating system by many people. .Ever since 1983 Microsoft has been improving windows operating system with the growth of technology. (Micheal, 2004, online) [26th September 2010] Linux operating system was introduced in 1991 by a student of Helsinki University (Linus Torvalds). The Linux operating system was derived from UNIX operating system. It was called the GNU/Linux because it is a combination of the Linux as the kernel and GUN system. The Linux operating was made free to everyone and also Linus Torvalds made the source codes available in the internet for educational purposes and also for improvements. Ever since Linux operating system was introduced 1991 the internet has been promoting the development of the Linux operating system, nowadays many companies are giving Linux operating system there support through the internet and this shows how successful Linux is growing. (Micheal, 2004, online) [26th September 2010] FINDINGS Key words; OPARATING SYSTEM: It manages and controls the hardware components for a computer. RAM: Random Access Memory. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LINUX AND WINDOWS OPARATING SYSTEMS This two operating systems where developed to achieve the same important aim being to provide computers with a software that has different programs to help run a computer. Considering the two main aspects of Information Technology being Hardware example Device Driver, Software example Software Applications, this two are different. . (Web msdn.microsoft.com, online)[26th September 2010] DEVICE DRIVER Most of Linux operating systems are built-in support for a device and it is not easy for one to add it in if they are using other distributions without the built in devices but for windows users is much easy for one to do it. THE SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS Windows and Linux operating systems both have similar softwareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s like the internet browser, email client etc but looking at the important ones like the video mixing and others windows provides better than Linux. PORTABILITY The feature of portability is the one which boosts the Linux operating system to be better than windows as one can store an operating system to a CD and use it to boot from it with all features and softwareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needed and this CD is called a liveCD where as windows does not have this feature as they are trying to avoid sharing of illegal copies of there operating system. SECURITY Linux has an excellent security feature which is free from viruses and it is not easy to be hacked unlike windows which has many viruses and is easily hacked The most important top 6 difference between the two are; The Linux operating system provide its source code to the community through internet for them to improve it or even add more features to it, to make your computer work better where as windows does not provide ay source code to any one. All versions of Windows are provided by one company being Microsoft where as Linux is distributed by different companies like REDHAT, SLAKWARE etc. Linux operating system is very cheap for server uses and free for home users and one can use it as many as they want where as windows is very expensive and it also limits one to use the operating system with activations Linux operating system has an important feature called multitasking which enables one to run many process at ones where windows will limit one. The Linux operating system a symbol of a penguin for identification where as windows use a flag of four colures which are red, green, blue and yellow. Windows needs lot of memory(RAM) to run compared to the Linux operating system SIMILARITIES Linux and windows both hide operating system files in the directory which are not to be used by the user. They both support one scripting language which is the PHP and it can be used in windows and Linux Both Linux and Windows are multi operating systems They both support the use of device ports like; USB, parallel and serials They both allow user to choose there file security, which means they can share files in both operating systems with the use of networks. (Web odetocode.com,online)[26 September 2010] Windows and Linux operating systems are different as shown in the document and there many more different features of this two which are not listed above. The difference between the two operating systems The table below shows the difference between the two operating systems being the Linux and Windows (Web techrepublic.com) [26th September 2010] FEATURES LINUX WINDOWS Variants Red Hat, caldera, linuxPPC, SuSE Windows 2000, windows XP ,Windows vista, windows 7 Licensing FREE EXPENSIVE Performance Uses less memory so ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s faster. Uses less memory but more that Linux does so ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a bit slow Security It is much save as it provides a every excellent security It easily hacked as does not have a very tough security Safety It is much safe as they are no known viruses for it. There are millions of viruses for windows operating system maybe it because it worldly used. CONCLUSION This report has compared Linux and windows by providing the difference and the similarities between the two. The two operating systems are both important to computer users and none of them is different to another, but we can say they are just fundamentally different to each other. (Web ibm.com) [26th September 2010] They are both operating systems and an operating system is one of the most important computer applications as it manages data in it, provides the users with the interface to use the computer and it also makes the computer to run which is one of the most important point of having an operating system on your computer.

NAB Connect And Online Business Banking Information Technology Essay

NAB Connect And Online Business Banking Information Technology Essay This case study is about NAB Connect which is a service given by National Australia Bank to the business owners. It is like a retail banking process which gives sub services to the owners that can be used anytime anywhere. In this case study I have placed many changes and their benefits which were occurred in 2 years in my presence. The case study covers the topics of leadership and change management. We were distributed in 2 teams one was in Jaipur Genpact and another was in Melbourne (Australia) who could directly contact to the respective organizations bankers. Changes were implemented in the process and our lean ideas upgraded our process. Our customers and team leaders were very happy with our work. The applications which were used to be processed manually now only because of OA we can now process even the complex application accurately. Without the support of my team members this will not be at all possible as team work is required to achieve a particular goal. Now the current situation of our process is that the team members can work on any application and my team members are now very participative in the process. Leadership Definition Leadership  is the process of  social esteem  in which one person can influences others to attain an objective and directs the organization with a group of people to achieve a common goal through change. Leader: An individual who has granted authority, usually based on hierarchal position, in an organization. Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership knowledge and skills make it more cohesive and coherent. Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen. My process (NAB Connect) leader was my manager. Earlier was Anurag Singh and now he is replaced with Rahul Swami as Anurag was promoted to senior manager in another process in NAB. In my Team there were 16 members. Each one had individual skills and talents. My Manager Anurag Singh who leaded us for 1 year 10 months was a fan ominous and flexible leader. He used to take a daily huddle for 20-30 minutes. And in this huddle he used to encourage each one of us. He also delivered new ideas and knowledge to how to handle a team or a group of people and work. He used to tell us his experiences as he had an experience of 7-8 years in NAB. My Australian leaders were Lidia Pipiekez, Sandra Pekez and team. Sandra and Lidia also visited to Genpact Jaipur site once when our pilot batch was started to teach us about our process. They have conducted a formal training to make us learn about the process NAB Connect. It was great experience with NAB Connect team in Genpact. I can relate this assignment to the leadership theory of Situational and Participative as our leaders chose the best course of action based upon the situational variables and our team members had taken the input of others into account. The leaders encouraged participation and contributions from group members. Change Management Definition Change management  is a structured advent to developing  individuals,  teams, and  organizations  from a current status to a desired future status. It is aimed at empowering the employees to secure and changes of the grip in their current business environment within the organizational process. In Change management, project changes are formally introduced and approved. Every individual has a right to speak and dine their views for the companys profits and up gradation during a change. Organizational Change: Examples Strategic changes- mean changing in the content of firms strategy as explained by competitive advantages, scope and synergies. Structural changes- when the company changes its functions or operations to achieve a common goal. Technological changes- as the name indicates the change in the technology or invention of a technology, the continuous process of improving a technology in an organization. Changing attitudes and behaviors of personnel- changes in the behavior of the employees or an employee start taking interest in achieving the goals of an organization. According to this case below changes can be related to the theory of organizational change i.e. behaviors of personnel and changing the attitudes as most of my team members including me had given ideas to make process easy and less time consuming. We helped each other in complex applications. Solved the problems of the customers and we were also awarded the recognitions. NAB Connect (Case Study) NAB Connect helps you streamline your business banking online, in spite of the size of the business or how you currently handle your banking process. NAB Connect Actions Moving from National Online Current company uses national online to manage their own business banking however the companys owners travel frequently, evenly overseas, in order to monitor their finances faster while on the road they are appearing to upgrade to an internet banking platform. But they have issues about the internet security and how the time consuming it will be for the owners in transferring the data to NAB Connect. NAB Connects raised features can give owners repose knowing that their financial information is protected, by the use of their security tokens, the owners and authorized staff can access the platform and authorize payments, even while travelling. Moving from NABs Internet Banking NAB Internet Banking has been used by the families to handle their own personal and business finances for years. Example Hard Earth Removals Pty Ltd is small, but fast-expanding family business. With NAB Connect, Hard Earth Removals would have greater control over their business banking.   The family could assign account viewing rights and  service access for every user, and for better management they also can apply for daily payment limits to their cash flows.   Moving from Branch and Telephone Banking Christopher used as a lawyer to run his business in a traditional way. All of his accounts in log books are still filed and his banking is done within a branch or over the phone With NAB Connect, Christopher can save time and administration costs. Instead of arranging through endless paperwork, he can simply log on to NAB Connect service. There he can view his transaction history and easily settle cheques, he has written and deposits by viewing images of his accounts.   WHAT and WHY CHANGES implemented I worked with NAB Connect in Genpact for 2 years. It was started on 21st July 2008. It was like a retail banking process. We had 2 teams one was our team which work in Jaipur Genpact and another was in Australia in National Australia Bank who were our clients. I used to check the form of the business owners which was filled by them to make the transaction through NAB Connect. The queries or incomplete information filled by the business owners bankers were sent to Australian team and then they contact to the bankers of respective organizations to update the incomplete or incorrect information in the form. The following are the changes and reasons occurred while I was working: December 2008 Data File Download service Gives you the capability to download the below files: Account Information File (BAI2 format) Locked Box Reports BPAY Reports Direct Entry Return Reports July 2009 Earlier authorizing users were not allowed to authorize payments not more than 10 but now the authorizing users can save a cogent amount of time by authorizing up to 20 payments simultaneously using their own security token.   Account preferred names can now be modified by Security Officers. October 2009 My team members given many lean ideas for the change in process or to make process easier. Following are the lean ideas: The site ID of the customer to be written in the tracker so that during the preparation of the day end report it will be pulled out in the excel sheet and can be filtered to the respective organization. Earlier the applications of the customers were onboarded by our team manually which used to take much time as the applications were used to be long as well. However now because of the lean idea given by one of my team members, the applications are now can be run on a tool called Onboarding Accelerator (OA) which onboard the client automatically with accuracy. These changes can be related to the attitudes and behavioral change in the process as the team members were taking interest in improving the process and also helping other members in the team. It can also be related to the technological theory of change management. By giving three lean ideas my team members were awarded Lean Recognition Certificate and they were offered Lean Six Sigma training as well. March 2010 Now all the tools on which we used to work with different passwords on nab site were difficult to remember upgraded to different site in which all the tools are now accessed without password however the initial password is still required due to data privacy. This can be related to the structural change as earlier the structure of opening a website on which we used to work was typical to remember the passwords of every tool and now the website structure was totally changed that now we no need to remember many passwords. May 2010 The default access services which are given to Security Officers were not updated on OA so they were used to be added manually to the users profile however now these services are updated on OA and they are automatically added to the respective Security Officers in the organization. The long forms are now upgraded to Delegated Authority Form (DAF) which contains a company name and the account number on the form. With the account number customer number of the organization is identified and sends back to Australian team. Then the Australian team asks the customer to fill in all the details which is then onboarded via OA. This change can be related to the technological change as by the use of updated OA the applications were taking less time in onboarding. July 2010 Earlier we used to send the application back to Australian team for Signature verification of the customer, warning indicator T or Z on an account as the account cant be added with these indicators to the profile and then Australian clients contact with respective organization banker for the resolution which was time consuming. However now we send the queries direct to the banker with a readymade template which reduced time and cycle. This lean idea was submitted by me. Customers can now be able to create periodic payments. Periodic payments endorse you to manage payments to be made on a monthly, fortnightly, weekly or quarterly basis for all payment types, excluding International Transfers or payments. The above changes can relate to the strategic change as the strategy of sending the application to the Melbourne and then to respective bankers was very time consuming, by these changes the turnaround time was reduced and simultaneously the strategy process also changed. Conclusion It was my great experience while working with NAB Connect in Genpact. We have reduced the business dependence and also increased job opportunities as nab Connect applications were gradually increasing. With all these above changes made our work very easy and convenient. Now we enjoy onboarding the complex application via OA. We increased from 16 to 20 in numbers. Because of OA we are now able to onboard the client easily and accurately. Our customers were very happy with the accuracy of our work. The Australian customers should use NAB Connect as a tool for their business as the owners can access to NAB Connect anywhere, anytime. We increased from 1000 to 35000 customers in 2 years and planning to increase the customers to 60000 by next year. The thing we need to focus on is accuracy although we are provided the best training. The team needs to be also focused upon turnaround time and SLA of the applications and amendments. As I mentioned above that we are now sending the queries direct to the bankers by this we can reduce the time and multiple follow ups of may be deducted.

Zorlu Holding And Vestel Electronics :: essays research papers

Zorlu Holding & The Vision Of The Company Mehmet Zorlu, established their Group's first company in the early 1950s, he laid the ground rules for the Zorlu Group's subsequent growth: integrity, perseverance’ and unconditional commitment to quality. Integrity is the Group's cornerstone value and they expect it to govern every aspect of their business. Hard work and perseverance are essential for the day-to-day success of their enterprises as they are for the undertaking) of a new venture. Quality is the key to customer loyalty, on which the long-term prosperity a f all ventures depends. With these ground rules, the Zorlu Group has sought to develop solid and profitable businesses that contribute to the welfare of the Group; its customers, business partners and employees; as well as the larger community. Until the early 1990s, they focused their investments in home textiles, an activity the Zorlu family has been involved with for several generations and in which they have a particular expertise. In 1994, they saw the opp ortunity to employ their strong capital and human resources in the consumer electronics sector, through the acquisition of the Vestel electronics Group. This was followed, in 1996 and 1997, by investments in the fast- growing energy and financial services sectors. Between 1990 and 1997, they tripled the number of their operations, increasing their total assets to just under US$ 1 billion, excluding the assets of five of their six subsidiaries incorporated abroad. They invested in state-of the-art spinning, weaving and textile technology that has made them the world’s largest; vertically-integrated polyester curtain producer and will propel them to the forefront of the international home textile industry in the years to come. They acquired the Vestel Group of consumer electronics companies, pushed its balance sheet from an undeserved red into the black, and set it on course to become a leading contender in the international consumer electronics markets. They established a bank, a leasing company and o factoring firm and they penetrated the power generation and electricity distribution sectors with the construction of two plants and a; competitive bid for o state- owned, plant slated for privatization. The Zorlu Group's rapid growth since 1990 reflects the vast range of opportunities that have emerged from the unique juncture of Turkey's Customs Union with the European Today, their operations include 32 companies in Turkey, France, Germany, Holland and South Africa in the textile, consumer electronics, finance, energy and tourism sectors. In 1997, their key operations achieved net sales of almost US$ 750 million and after tax profits of just under US$ 80 million.

Computer Rage :: Essays Papers

Computer Rage In today’s world, computers are becoming more relevant than ever before. With this comes hardtack. Anyone who uses computers must experience some sort of frustration at some time. There is really no way around it. This may include all or some of the error messages, unanticipated results because of the software, or having a computer just freeze up for no apparent reason. Since anyone who uses a computer can experience these problems, there comes a price - immense frustration. This frustration can turn into anger, which in turn becomes rage. Whether it is acted rage or built up rage, it must some how be vented. Either way this becomes cumbersome to the user, so much that this becomes computer rage. The reason why people may become upset at their computer is due to lack of patience. This is why reactions to computer problems can be more extreme than with other tools they may use. People today just don't have the patience for anything. Since people are starting to spend more time in front of computers than doing physical research, the blame for frustration must be put on something. This something just happens to be the computer. For this reason, I believe that computer problems make people angrier than with other tools. For instance, there is an art to being a mechanic. A mechanic must posses some level of patience. If the person using the computer does not posses patience, they will flip out in a rage of fury. This kind of action cannot happen in a place of business. It's bad for the other employees, not to mention the customers. You would not let a certain shop work on your vehicle if you seen a mechanic cursing and swearing, Would you? For this reason you must posses some patience. To overcome this, you should just walk away calmly and take a deep breath. Do something else to take you mind of the present problem at hand. When you feel calmed downed and more relaxed, go back to the computer with a different mindset. Usually, this will solve your problem. When you come back to your computer, you may see things in a totally different light and your problem will be cured. You may see something that you didn't see before and it was right in front of you. Computer Rage :: Essays Papers Computer Rage In today’s world, computers are becoming more relevant than ever before. With this comes hardtack. Anyone who uses computers must experience some sort of frustration at some time. There is really no way around it. This may include all or some of the error messages, unanticipated results because of the software, or having a computer just freeze up for no apparent reason. Since anyone who uses a computer can experience these problems, there comes a price - immense frustration. This frustration can turn into anger, which in turn becomes rage. Whether it is acted rage or built up rage, it must some how be vented. Either way this becomes cumbersome to the user, so much that this becomes computer rage. The reason why people may become upset at their computer is due to lack of patience. This is why reactions to computer problems can be more extreme than with other tools they may use. People today just don't have the patience for anything. Since people are starting to spend more time in front of computers than doing physical research, the blame for frustration must be put on something. This something just happens to be the computer. For this reason, I believe that computer problems make people angrier than with other tools. For instance, there is an art to being a mechanic. A mechanic must posses some level of patience. If the person using the computer does not posses patience, they will flip out in a rage of fury. This kind of action cannot happen in a place of business. It's bad for the other employees, not to mention the customers. You would not let a certain shop work on your vehicle if you seen a mechanic cursing and swearing, Would you? For this reason you must posses some patience. To overcome this, you should just walk away calmly and take a deep breath. Do something else to take you mind of the present problem at hand. When you feel calmed downed and more relaxed, go back to the computer with a different mindset. Usually, this will solve your problem. When you come back to your computer, you may see things in a totally different light and your problem will be cured. You may see something that you didn't see before and it was right in front of you.

Essay --

Various meats is a significant source of proteins and fat in most diets. Substantial evidence from research has shown that meat intake, mainly meat, is associated with greater threats of issues including diabetes, cardiac arrest, and some forms of cancer. Numerous research suggest risky of death rate associated with meat intake. However, most of these research have been done in areas with a high amount of vegans (such as the Seventh Day Adventists in the U.S. and some research in Europe). A recent large cohort research with 10 decades of adhere to up discovered that a greater intake of complete meat and prepared meat was connected to risky of death rate. However, this research did not differ prepared and non-processed meat, and eating plan and other factors were only assessed at guideline. Furthermore, no research has so far examined whether replacement of other outlets for meat is connected with a reduced death rate threat. Therefore, they studied the organization between meat intake and complete and cause-specific death rate in two large cohorts with recurring measures of eating plan and up to 28 decades of follow-up: the Wellness Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) and Nurses' Wellness Study (NHS). They also approximated the organizations of replacing other sources of proteins for meat with complete and cause-specific death rate. In 1980, a 61 item FFQ was given among the NHS members to gather details on their normal intake of meals and drinks in the past year. In 1984, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002 and 2006, almost the same but extended FFQs with 131 to 166 products were sent to these members to update their eating plan plan. Using the extended FFQ employed in the NHS, nutritional information was collected every 4 years starti... ... and veggies. Unprocessed and prepared meat intake was moderately relevant (0.40 in HPFS and 0.37 in NHS). However, meat intake was less relevant with intake of chicken or seafood. During the follow-up, meat intake declined in both men and ladies. For example, the common intake of natural meat came down from .75 to .63 servings per day from 1986 to 2006 in men, and dropped down from 1.10 to 0.55 servings per day from 1980 to 2006 in women. In conclusion, they discovered that a greater intake of natural and prepared meat is associated with a greater death rate threat. In contrast to meat, other nutritional elements, such as seafood, chicken, nut products, beans, low-fat milk products and whole grains, were associated with a reduced threat. These outcomes indicate that replacement of meat with substitute healthier nutritional elements may reduce the death rate threat.

Backlash Films

Over twenty years after its release, Fatal Attraction continues to inspire discussion and controversy. While the movie comfortably takes its place as one of the biggest blockbusters of the 1980s and one of the most unforgettable thrillers in cinematic history, there are many that contend it contains a slew of anti-feminist overtones. The female lead and her traits as an otherwise archetypal career woman combine with her psycho-sexual obsession with the male lead to create a character that some may see as tragic and insane, while others see as a direct attack on the feminist movement itself.With its portrayal of the stalking career woman that victimizes a hapless man and his innocent wife, Fatal Attraction contains many elements that reflect a â€Å"backlash† against the feminist movement, as well as dark male fears over the proliferation of career-minded women. Fatal Attraction, released in 1987, written by James Dearden and directed by Adrian Lyne, was conceived as a film abo ut the consequences of infidelity. The film’s main character, Dan Gallagher, played by Michael Douglas, is a New York lawyer with a seemingly happy family that includes a beautiful wife Beth, played by Anne Archer, and daughter.When Dan’s wife and daughter go away for the weekend, Dan meets the independent and sultry Alex Forrest, played by Glenn Close, at his law firm. The two soon engage in what Dan believes to be a casual and temporary affair. When Dan attempts to end the affair, Alex’s refusal to accept it turns dramatically negative. Alex begins to stalk Dan, showing up where he does, calling him until he refuses to take her calls. Eventually, realizing that Dan truly wants nothing to do with her, she tells him that she is pregnant with his baby.The growing obsessive madness of Alex peaks after she spies on Dan and his family from the bushes in his yard, and later breaks into the house when the family is out and boils the pet rabbit of Dan’s daughter . Because he can no longer hide his transgressions, Dan tells Beth about the affair, and she eventually forgives him. Alex crosses the final line with Dan and his family when she kidnaps his daughter only to return her unharmed later. It becomes apparent to all involved that something must be done, and for Alex, that means killing Dan’s wife so she can take her place.In a final climatic scene, Alex, Beth, and Dan physically fight as Alex attempts to kill Beth with a butcher knife. Dan is forced to drown Alex in the bathtub, but she only appears dead and attacks him again, when Beth, using a gun Dan purchased for protection, promptly guns her down. While many of the plot points in the movie can be seen as simple movie suspense, the deeper one digs the easier it is to find subtle allusions to the place of women in society. The role of the female characters in Fatal Attraction show diverging archetypes for the ideal woman, as viewed by traditionalists and progressive feminists.O n the one hand is Alex, the calculating career woman; on the other hand is Beth, the faithful wife and mother. The main female characters show the dichotomy between the traditional social roles of women and the ultramodern. According to Gerrig, â€Å"A social role is a socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person when functioning in a given setting or group† (Gerrig and Zimbardo 574). The portrayal of each can be seen as a representation of a provincial masculine view of femininity, in essence a backlash against feminism. Feminism has long been a misunderstood concept, by women and men alike.Beginning in the late nineteenth century with the rise of â€Å"the New Woman,† the First International Women’s Conference in Paris in 1892 coined the word after the French term feministe, to represent a belief in and advocacy of equal rights for women based on the idea of the equality of the sexes (Haslanger and Tuana). At the time, it was a call for su ffrage and equal justice for women and represented the beginning of the â€Å"First Wave† of feminism, which in America culminated in the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote.By the time Fatal Attraction was released, feminism was in the midst of a strong new wave of feminism, which began in the late 1960s. In the â€Å"Second Wave† of feminism, feminists pushed far beyond the first wave by asking for more than just equal political rights but also greater universal equality in the workplace, education, at home, and with their own bodies (Haslanger and Tuana). The proliferation of birth control added to this wave and the growing independence of women reached a zenith in the 1980s, with women achieving equality in almost every sense of the word, with prominent women politicians, artists, and world figures.The character of Alex Forrest seemed to suggest a dark side to this rise of feminism, that the irrational female psyche will eventua lly overrule the mindset of even the most successful women, granted that they failed to have the things traditionally considered the most feminine: a family. The stability of the idealized traditional wife and mother, Beth, provides a stark contrast to the nightmarish descent into madness of the progressive single woman, Alex. While this could be nothing more than a dramatic coincidence, some see it as a deliberate expression of masculine fear of female empowerment.Fatal Attraction seems to suggest an almost misogynistic fear of the independent career woman that she seeks to destroy families and will stop at nothing to do so: â€Å"In its representation of a crazy career woman out to destroy the nuclear family, the film is a perfect example of the era’s conservative backlash against independent women† (Benshoff and Griffin 281). Alex participates in stalking, which is traditionally associated with men, and she possesses many of the same dominant tendencies of men.In he r book, High Contrast: Race and Gender in Contemporary Hollywood, Sharon Willis critiques Fatal Attraction, taking the position that films like it suggest that â€Å"feminine force seems to arise at the direct expense of masculine power and bodily integrity† and that femininity becomes inextricably linked to masculinity, a position widely shared by feminist film critics. Willis claims that films like Fatal Attraction focus â€Å"on an urgent effort to reinscribe the border of sexual difference at exactly the divide between domestic interior and public space† (Regester 52).Alex engages in behavior that, even in the 1980s, was deemed uniquely masculine. Women have long suffered the double standard of adhering to strict sexual mores, and her promiscuity exemplifies the lack of maternal qualities that most men look for in a mate. However, men like Dan use biological precedent to rationalize their constant desire to spread their seed. Dan is equally responsible for what occ urred, but it is almost as if he is forgiven for his gender’s predilection for sexual promiscuity, however erroneous.The most obvious feminist critique of Fatal Attraction is how it portrays Alex, the professional, single woman in her thirties as domineering, man-obsessed, and driven to insanity by her quest to achieve a long lasting relationship with Dan. The movie vilifies her and on the opposite end of the spectrum, sanctifies Beth, the devoted wife and mother. As with all the strong popular icons before her, Alex â€Å"becomes the screen upon which an audience of thousands projects their fears and fantasies† (Nguyen â€Å"The Legend of Billie Jean†).Through all of this, Dan is portrayed as almost more of a hapless victim that succumbs to the wiles of a siren than what he really is: a cheating spouse. The author of the story, James Dearden contends that he meant no deliberate anti-feminist overtones in his work, which began as a 1979 short film, â€Å"Divers ion. † According to Dearden, he merely borrowed from life to create a minimalist story about the perils of adultery: â€Å"My wife was out of town for the weekend, and I thought what would happen if a man who has just dropped his wife at the railroad station rings this girl who he’s met at a party and says, ‘Would you like to have dinner?’ But, then it all gets ugly† (Forsberg). According to the man who created the story, it was nothing more than a simple suspense story, and the criticisms that label it as anti-feminist and woman fearing are unfounded: â€Å"I don’t see that Alex symbolizes the New Woman and is therefore made to appear ghastly to sabotage the New Woman’s cause. She has a career because she lives in New York, where it’s difficult to survive without one. For me, it was a fable about the irrational creeping into the everyday† (Forsberg).He also examines the possibility of his own fears towards women and the p revalence of men that fear women in his script: â€Å"I don’t think I fear women, but there’s a certain archetype – the temptress who undoes heroes of Homeric legend who is as predatory sexually as the man – which men find hard to deal with because they’re used to being in the dominant role. Women certainly have an equal right to be dominant, but I don't like very dominant males or females period† (Forsberg).While it can be said that Fatal Attraction sought to express the male anxieties about the emerging female, as well as a rejection of feminism as a social force, to the movie aficionado it remains merely a suspense movie filled with gimmicks and plotlines as old as cinema itself. The immense success of Fatal Attraction may have entered it into the feminism conversation, but it realistically remains nothing more than a dramatic examination of adultery and obsession.The idea of the femme fatale is nothing new, and the movie simply showed th at, man or woman, there is no such thing as sex without consequences. Looking at Alex Forrest as a backlash against feminism is a fair criticism, however it is unfair to believe that a fictional suspense movie like Fatal Attraction could influence anybody that saw it free of any preexisting agendas. The movie may be simply a reflection of the ambitions that drive everyone mad, whether male or female, career or sexual, decent or indecent.Works Cited: Benshoff, Harry M. and Sean Griffin. America on Film: Representing Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality at the Movies. London: Blackwell Publishers, 2003. Forsberg, Myra. â€Å"James Dearden: Life After ‘Fatal Attraction’. † The New York Times. 24 Jul 1988. 16 Dec 2008. . Gerrig, Richard J. and Zimbardo, Philip G. â€Å"Social Norms. † Psychology and Life. 17th ed. 2005.Haslanger, Sally & Tuana, Nancy. â€Å"Topics in Feminism. † Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 15 Mar 2004. 16 Dec 2008. . Nguyen, Mimi . â€Å"The Legend of Billie Jean. † WorseThanQueer. com. 1 Aug 2005. 16 Dec 2008. . Regester, Charlene. â€Å"Review: High Contrast: Race and Gender in Contemporary Hollywood Film by Sharon Willis. † Film Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 2. Winter 1998; pp. 51-52.

Structures of Racial and Gender Inequality

Mar's theories had mostly to do with capitalism. The dominated because they used their power to exploit workers and so on. Exploitation is the difference between what Is produced and what Is paid for. Exploitation Is limitless. Race was exploited for a profit. Wilson thought that Mar's theory explained the racial-caste system. Production, aristocracy dominated both economic and political Life_ Capitalist class benefit more. In the sass's there was a shift from paternal racial-caste system to a more class- based labor market. Jim Crow law helped keep blacks out of the privileged few.In the North they had a bunch of race riots. Race relations are mainly about split labor market theory. This theory talks about how everyone needs to compete against one another regardless of race. Exploitation was high because of putting blacks against whites. Split labor theory has three classes: capital business class, high-paid labor, and cheaper labor. Split market happens when different groups are pa id differently. Structural arrangements determine social relations. The economy Isn't the only thing that structures social relationships. Wilson states that state is always changing. World War II had a ban on discrimination.No matter why changes happened, the Tate took successive steps to address black inequality. Wilson shows two things after World War II, push-pull forces; one Is more political and economic opportunities for blacks. The other one is, sass's on, the decreases in manufacturing and Increases In government and corporate Jobs. Plus the push from urban to suburban settings. This created different opportunities for different groups of blacks, Race is a factor but class is a distinctions. Before the Civil war racial tensions revolved around economy. Wilson thought things should move from race to more about class.Chaffed was more concerned with gender inequality. She thought about things in four different levels: macro, mess, micro, and individual. Macro is for analysis o f Institutions and structures. The mess level Is for organization. The Micro part Is about face to face interactions. Lastly, the individual level about the individual concept. Chaffed looks at Mar's theory of feminist. Patriarchy and capitalism help the oppression of women. Mar's emphasis the economy as the most important site for social stability and change that Chaffed uses. Patriarchy provides men with control of production and the profit while women who are cheap to fear labor.Women do not et paid for their tasks In society as much. Man's ability to fully work Is dependent 1 OFF upon ten women's explanation. C TX tanks Tanat gender Unequally structural need of capitalism. Men use their power to keep women down they use their structural power. Workforce, macro, plays a huge part in mess and micro areas. The mess-level of gender. Canter has three factors that influence work and gender; possibility of advancement, power to achieve goals, and relative number of a specific type of p erson within the position. Canter thinks women have different career paths and most don't lead as high.Women's path constrict two ways: minimized occupations are limited and women on professional career paths high glass ceilings. Canter states that social contexts influence individuals and their attitudes and behaviors. Our social environment influences who we are and how we act. Staying and feeling powerless and limited creates negative stereotypes of gender and work, these enforce gender inequalities. When exploitation goes up, women's presence in the Job market goes down. Micro is the personal levels of coercive structures are next. Chaffed uses exchange theory to explain micro level.Exchange theory makes lines between economic and social exchange. Economics are governed by explicit agreements. Economic exchange is always known when and how something is done or will be done. Social exchange is implicit and not explicit. Gender inequalities are latent, they are hidden. People want to keep the same actions to keep society going, even if there are inequalities. Voluntarism keeps gender inequality going. There are three types of gender definitions; gender ideology, norms, and stereotypes. Intrinsically structures are parts of the inner person that are fixed and divided off from one another.Boys and girls are socialized differently. Everything is voluntary. Social learning theory is about modeling. It has four stages: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. Things are more about structural then cultural changes, if gender inequality is to happen. Chaffed divides her theory into unintentional and intentional processes. Four different ways of unintentional changes: population growth or decline, changes in sex ratio, and technological innovations and changes in the economic structure. For intentional change if focused on macro-structural, industrialization, arbitration, and the size of the middle class.

Essay on Foundation of Technology Essay

In this essay, there are components that differentiate an A paper and a B paper. The A Essay evaluates criteria or ideas in the forefront and subordinates the details to the ideas. If you read with descriptive detail, insights tend to be lost or insufficiently developed. It also focuses on the value added technology tool and the value added of what the teacher does with the technology. The same technology can be used in different ways by teachers. However; the teacher remains the most important element in maximizing student’s learning. For example, if a teacher shows a video, a strong paper addresses the value of the video and the effectiveness of the integration of the video before and after the video is shown. Strengths and suggestions for improvements are also addressed. Generally the strongest essay takes a critical perspective and evaluates what works are done and how they can be improved. It also goes beyond motivation. These two are critical aspects of any learning and should not be undervalued. However, the strong essays should go beyond motivation, in order to answer why a technology was motivating to students. Much of the true insight comes from asking the why question and sometimes asking the questions more than once. For instance an essay that argues that the students were motivated by the technology and were engaged the whole period, and that the students were captivated by technology and they explored different sites. The questions asked should be why the technology was motivating to the students and what engaged them and what made the technology captivating and how different soft wares advance learning apart from motivating (Bayne, 1998, p. 38). The essay also explores readings in depth and also exploring conferences in depth too. I chose to discuss how I will use my new website to improve my teaching methods. A website is very rewarding. It is fun and a great way keep in touch with your family and students. The website has made impact on my image and also given me identity and global presence. I use my presentation skills, without the presence of the internet. I can also download content and have them in cd’s for classroom presentation. Students can get information of upcoming events and changes from the web site. Teachers can now visit my website and download information for our thematic units. I can also help them design theirs. It has also been useful in situations where I have to update it with my students work for parents to see and assist in their studies back home. It’s necessary for teachers to have their own websites in the modern age in order to create sites that can help their students. The fact that students need computer education to help them access the net should not be overlooked. This makes it easier for them to access information whenever they need it. The No Child Left Behind mandates that students should be competent enough when it comes to technology since almost everything is technology based nowadays. They will have to know how to think critically, to be creative, analyze information, understand new ideas, communicate effectively, collaborate, solve problems, and make decisions (Bayne, 1998, p. 66). In my analysis, of my second lesson, I will design a lesson plan to guide me through the teaching process. The topic is about the importance of integrating technology, applying the standards of education and the use of assessments. I’ve realized that integrating technology enhances learning through encouraging and simplifying the seeking and grasping of the meaning of the content being taught. Application of new technology in classroom environment by students has helped to improve learning outcomes which involved deeper understanding. From the peer review conducted, I realized that the students enjoyed the integration of technology in the classroom and retained content in their minds. Introducing standards of education in the classroom will enhance the learning experience by pointing students to available design and marketing tools, and best industry practices. Knowledge of these standards makes the students align the educational concept with real-world applications and market issues. If students don’t learn about educational standards, they may need elementary instruction in their first jobs, have a higher propensity for operating outside of best or accepted industry practices, waste resources and fail in duties to align their products or services with desired markets. Without a guide line component in their education, students may graduate without knowing the barriers presented by using incorrect standards, and without realizing the importance of standards in marketing and product acceptance. If the regulatory standards in reference are not met it results into product non-conformance, or higher development or other costs. Students have to understand the need to design, from inception, to the standards required to achieve marks. When creating a lesson plan, the teacher should tell the students the objective of the lesson, teach the objective, and evaluate the objective. This means that the lesson plan should contain the key concept of the topic, objectives, pre-planning, learning materials, Anticipatory Set (How I will simulate the children so that they will learn what I want to teach. It will also have the procedure I will take when teaching and duration of my teaching process. Closure is also needed. This is the summary of the topic and finally evaluation (Bayne, 1998, p. 113). Assessment can be formal or informal when integrating technology. Most software packages have assessments or built in criteria in it. I have learned that incorporating electronic portfolio is another way to enhance teaching with technology or a teacher can design their own rubrics. However, innovative activities require a reliable and valid mean of measuring students’ progress along with student journals and designing projects. In conclusion, the lesson planning was great and I thank God I had the opportunity to integrate technology in my class and enhance learning for my students. Reference Bayne, J. N. (1998). Strategic plans for technology. New York: Hill crest.

Refutation: Is the American Dream Still a Possibility? Essay

The American Dream can be defined as- â€Å"a happy way of living that is thought of by many Americans as something that can be achieved by anyone in the U.S. especially by working hard and becoming successful.† (Merriam-Webster Learner’s Dictionary) As we watch our country’s struggle throughout financial crises, we, as citizens, are torn in the belief that the American Dream is still possible. Although the outlook for our country includes events ranging from an apocalypse to another Great Depression, I am optimistic my â€Å"American Dream† can still be achieved, although it might be difficult. Although the Merriam-Webster Dictionary pinned the nail straight on the head, I see my American Dream as one with one day having a husband (who I do not divorce), children, a job teaching 2nd grade preferably here in Cortland, and a big brick house complete with a two-car garage and a vast backyard. I am aware that this essay is not about how my life should look like in about 10 years, but it is about if this dream is possible to becoming a reality. By the looks of our economy, by a college student’s perspective, the sky rocketing prices of education and the cost of living in a middle-class household, my American Dreams may be put on hold. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, â€Å"Between 1999–2000 and 2009–10, prices for undergraduate tuition, room, and board at public institutions rose 37 percent, and prices at private institutions rose 25 percent, after adjustment for inflation.† (â€Å"Tuition Costs for Colleges and Universities†) Everyone tells students to go to college to get an education, because without one, one will go nowhere in life. If I had a dime for every time I heard that, I would be a millionaire, therefore not needing to be in college. Although having an education is very important to make any sort of significant amount of money in one’s life, sometimes it is impossible for many middleclass households to put multiple children through a 4-year institute. I find the amount of tuition many colleges are charging is ridiculous. Since the recession, it seems prices in all aspects of life  have been raised, especially education. I understand college is important to succeed in a particular career, but a student has options. There are many alternatives to spending unnecessary amounts of money on 4-year institutions. One of which is going to a community school. Community college is a sufficient alternative for saving significant amounts of money. Communtiy colleges are also very apprpriate for many professions that require less schooling like criminal justice, firefighting or even nursing, all of which are professions with substantial incomes. Why waste money on an expensive 4-year school to land the same job? Another solution to spending less money on education is to not go to college at all. I know this might sound bad first hearing it, but in many cases, parents and teachers are the driving pressure for students to go to college. We have been told ever since we were adolescents that we need to be something impressive when we grow up, but what if the student does not want to be something that requires going to a 4-year institution. If the parents and teachers truly let the students figure out exactly what they want to do with their future, then many families could possibly save a lot of money, making the American dream much easier to be achieved. Another issue that usually results from going to college has raised much concern for the graduating seniors: the job outlook. The recession has played a large role in the loss of jobs, as well as the difficulty to be hired. After the economic downfall, recent college graduates paid the price. â€Å"New college graduates had 40% fewer job prospects,† says Hibuh Yousuf of â€Å"CNN Money†. Due to the stats like this, many graduates believe that this is still true, and in some cases, it is, depending on the field of choice, but there is a solution to this problem. NACE (National Association of Colleges and Employers) states, â€Å"Students earning engineering degrees have seen some of the highest salary offers.†(Baden) They also go on to advocate that, â€Å"Students earning engineering degrees have seen some of the highest salary offers. As a group, the average salary offered to engineering majors rose 2.8 percent from last year’s average, to $60,291. The a verage salary offered to petroleum engineering graduates grew 7.1 percent to $82,740, making it the highest-paid major, according to the report.† (Baden) As one can tell, jobs in the science and math fields are much needed and have an impressive job outlook. If one choses a career that they enjoy and has a good job outlook,  then the American Dream is not that impossible after all. No one ever said it would be easy, but I believe the American Dream is still alive, even for us poor college students. I feel as though through the recent hardships our country has faced many people believe the American dream can no longer be achieved, but they only think in those terms because America has become lazy and we have forgotten how to work for what we want in life. Unfortunately, there is no solution for America to be more motivated, but the future is truly in our hands, and we have the choice to fight for it.

ART AND GENDER PROJECT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ART AND GENDER PROJECT - Essay Example The renowned masters had themselves these women with great diligence since immemorial time. After the assessment of such prestige attached to these subjects, Houbraken notes a devastating evaluation of the Rembrandt’s nudes. The critic followed by a long digression of the Rembrandt’s excursion on Rembrandt mistaken principle of working only from life (Sluijter & Rembrandt, 2006). The tensions between prestigious positions of nude and anxieties caused by sexual overtone understood in the observation. The tensions also dominate on the portrayal of the nude body by men heightened when it was the artist’s categorical role to represent utmost possible lifelikeness. The depictions gave the nude females a field traditionally occupied by pitfalls (Sluijter & Rembrandt, 2006). Ninety years before the Houbraken’s biography of Rembrandt, tensions strongly expressed by the minister Samuel Ampzing and Haarlem city chronicler. After the praise of the renowned Haarlem artists, the artists attacked the reason they painted some parts of the body. These areas of the body concealed, as by the law of nature. Mostly, the paintings and the drawings that revealed these parts were the women pictures. The drawings had naked women with their body parts unconcealed. During this period, the highest aim of art was on the depiction of the nude women. Therefore, in the earlier decades of seventeenth and the eighteenth century, many of the artists deliberated the portrayal of the nude women to be the primary aim of art. For Ampzing, the erotic outcome of the paintings gave a reason enough to denounce the paintings unequivocally (Sluijter & Rembrandt, 2006). The statement given by Ampzing and Houbraken had, implicit or explicit, the nature of Rembrandt’s paintings and the etching with the ugly female nudes. The notion that the depictions of the female nude comprised of the

Organizational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational Behaviour - Essay Example The organisational structure has an essential impact on the organisational behaviour due to its contribution in the view of the members of the organisation (Kumar and Mittal 5). The organisational structure is defined by the ‘system of task, reporting, and authority relationships within the organisation’ with the purpose of coordinating the operations and process based on the mission, vision and goals (Griffin and Moorhead 407). Within these stages and steps, the organisational behaviours of the employee and the leaders play an essential and crucial role. The main purpose of the establishment of organisational structure is to be able to have an efficient, methodical and orderly accomplishment of goals to be able to achieve end results e.g. production of goods or provision of services. There are different factors included in the structure of the organization such as the type of leadership, the division of labour and the coordination of the different actions and processes undertaken within the system. One example that can be viewed is the production of computers in the Dell Company. Without the proper organisational structure, either the production of computers will be a failure or the thousands of employees will build their own computers and sell them. In such a scenario, the cost efficiency would never be achieved due to high labour and production costs (Griffin and Moorhead 407). Basically, a structured organisation enables efficient work that can ensure achievement of goals. Upon the determination of the determination of the meaning of organisational structure, the next step is the determination of the implications related to these challenges. In the case of the organisational structure, there are different issues that can affect the company specifically on the basis of organisational behaviour. In the contemporary era, one of the issues being faced by organisations is the international competitiveness on the basis of globalisation. This is a cha llenge specifically for the highly complex global organisations. This entails a very specific protocol and rules on the division of labour of the members of the organisation as well as the coordination of every unit especially since the operating units can be separated by territorial, cultural and social boundaries. Examples of such organisations are the Philips of Netherlands and the General Motors. These companies originated from different countries but due to transnational organisational structure, they cater to nations around the world (Daft 237). In these types of organizations, the organisational behaviour is important in every aspect of the operation. In the different units located in other countries, a common method used is the adaptation to the local cultures to be able to successful accomplishment of goals. Intrinsic organisational behaviour is comparatively more basic, such as dedication to the mission, vision and goals, and cooperation to other members of the organisatio n. Organisational Culture Organisational culture can be defined as the core values of as organisation and the collective view, perspective and course of action of the whole organization. It is also the manner and quality by which the members of the organisation work. Thus, organisational culture is directly related organisational behaviour since the individual attitude and behaviour of a worker is influenced by the prevailing culture within the organisation

Applying Leadership Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Applying Leadership Styles - Essay Example This is because transformational leadership is one that powers to control affairs, while appreciating the inputs of their subordinates and the essence of the presence of their subordinates to achieve the common aim of the organization (Labor Laws and Clarifications, 2000). Moreover, transformational leadership tries to employ several different mechanisms to achieve organizational leadership goals. The reason why such a leadership style would best fit the organization in question is that because of the top-bottom approach, it would be important that the leaders use a leadership style that meets all varying characteristics, skills and knowledge of employees who will be expected to take up orders and instructions for execution (Johnson, 2012). It would be observed that given any organization, there are always and often different categories of people who go about their duties and responsibilities different. To maximize the differences that exist among all of these people, the best approa ch is to ensure that there is a generalized system that takes into consideration the differences that exists among the people. Meanwhile, the transformational leadership style equips itself with superseding personal interests of leaders with collective goal achievement, which is much like the servant leadership style (Gardener, 2008). On the other hand, a leadership style that employs the principles of lazier faire and delegate approaches may be least effective when applied in the selected organization. This point is made against the backdrop that with a top-bottom management style, it is always important that the leaders be presented with an avenue through which they would be able to supervise the activities of the subordinates to ensure that they are confirming to the instructions and orders that come from above (Mustapha, 2008). Meanwhile, in a typical lazier faire leadership style, leaders do not get enough medium to track the performance of employees and

Comparative politics wk1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparative politics wk1 - Essay Example However, as the other developing countries emphasize on industrialization to foster economic development, they should consider challenges that come with industrialization, which affect the biodiversity and the environment. As industrialization gets encouraged among nations, employment, trading, and production among other benefits increases, but the side effects are noticed later after having caused much damage within and outside their context far beyond the society, organization or the nations’ control. Industrialization as an economic development strategy has led to many environmental problems, which could challenge any newly industrializing country. Industrialization Ideology and Environmental Problems The economists believe in utilization of any space and scarce resources for production as sources for wealth generation. Industrialization has worked well towards this principle leading to different kinds of factories, companies, and production firms advancing the economy thro ugh increasing GDP, employment opportunities, exports, and household income flows among others. Industrialization is viewed as a concept of industrial revolution in an area based upon technology, factories, and commerce away from entire dependency on agriculture. According to Seshandri (1991), it occurs in two senses; as a procedure which has invariably been the accompaniment or a result of economic development, or rather as set of policies leading towards economic development. In industrialization, developing factories and industries make use of the idle population as the labor force among other capital, raw materials and land inputs, but the end products introduce more harm in the environment. Environmental degradation cannot be separated from industrial processes. The growth and expansion of most processing industries not only in production, but also in transport, lighting, and other supporting industrial sectors bring about pollution as a major effect on the surroundings. Taking an example of manufacturing industries, â€Å"the most common waste products are smoke, fumes and chemicals, which can pollute the air and water supplies† (Mweti and Wyk n.d., 9). Both air and water pollution has serious effects that spread into different regions, affecting climate changes and access to clean water respectively. Other environmental problems are noise pollution and disposal of solid waste material, either on the land or buried near human settlements. Technology has lead to development of new chemicals and reactions used in the different industries to fasten and improve qualities, where used in production. Environmental Problems Caused by Industrialization In the industries, especially in manufacturing factories of agricultural and chemical products, before the end product is delivered, the consumption of power and water are key features. Depending on the mode of heating, smoke becomes an issue that the neighboring society has to deal with. It is accompanied b y emission of harmful gases that affect the respiratory systems of human beings and animals, as far as it can reach through the air. More of this is the global warming impact influencing the climate of an area. Consequently, the rain schedules delay and patterns change adversely affecting the farmers, who rely on the available good climate for their crop production. For machines to operate efficiently, it has been a matter of improving