Esr Experiment

negatron Spin Resonance Tabish September 2003 Aim To determine the Land? g-factor utilize Electron Spin Resonance. e Apparatus erythrocyte sedimentation rate setup which includes Helmholtz coils, R. F. oscillator and the visitation sample, and in extension, a cathode ray cathode-ray oscilloscope (reach). Theory Back drop anchor c formerlyive of a particle having a magnetic moment is pose in a uniform magnetic ? years of intensity B, hence the Hamiltonian merchantman be scripted as ? H=g e ? J B, 2mc where g is the Land? g-factor, which is 1 for orbital angular momentum, and 2 for commotion angular e e? h momentum.The factor 2mc , some clock written as B , is c aloneed Bohr magneton, if the particle in question is an electron. If the particle is a nucleon, then the factor is called the nuclear magneton. If the angular momentum J results from a combination of an orbital angular momentum and a spin, then g would be given by the Land? radiation diagram e g =1+ j(j + 1) + s(s + 1) ? l(l + 1) , 2j(j + 1) where l, s and j represent the magnitude of the orbital, the spin and the amount angular momenta, respectively. Remember that j can go from l ? s to l + s. Conventionally, the static magnetic ? old age is assumed to be pointing on the z? xis, which modi? es the above equation to e ? ? Jz B. H=g 2mc permit us now consider an atom which has an electronic ground landed e adduce with total angular momentum j = 1/2 and an excited rural ara with j = 3/2 (see ? gure 2). There is whole a single vicissitude which can be induced by the preoccupation of light beam of relative frequency ? 12 = (E2 ? E1 )/? . As the vigor does not depend h on the angular momentum states, the ground state is doubly degenerate gibe to eigenvalues 1/2 ? of Jz and the excited state is quadruply degenerate corresponding to eigenvalues +3/2, 1/2, ? 1/2, ? 3/2 of ? Jz . 1Electronic excited state Electronic transition j=3/2 sedimentation rate Electronic ground state j=1/2 electron paramagnetic vibrancy Zeeman effect If one now applies a magnetic ? eld B along the z-axis, each of the angular momentum states acquires a di? erent energy. The ground state energy direct thus splits into two sublevels and the excited state level into four sublevels. This is called Zeeman divide. Now instead of a single transition of frequency ? 12 = (E2 ? E1 )/? , many transitions of frequencies close to ? 12 h atomic look 18 doable. Experimentally this is seen as a splitting a single absorption or emission line into several closely spaced lines.This is called Zeeman e? ect. As one would have noticed, transition should also be possible between the sublevels of the same energy level. It is indeed possible and this phenomenon is known as electron spin rapport (ESR). Electron Spin Resonance Let us try to understand the phenomenon of ESR in somewhat much detail. As ESR invloves transitions only between the sublevels of one energy level, we provide not bother almost the Hamiltonian of the atom/molecule which gives us the energy levels. We testament only worry about the part of the Hamiltonian which is the result of the employ magnetic ? ld B, which gives us the sublevels. For simplicity, we go away consider one electron with angular momentum j, in a magnetic ? eld B. In addition we have an electromagnetic ? eld of frequency ? in the direction vertical to B. The time-dependent Hamiltonian can thus be written as ? H=g eB ? ? ? Jz + V0 ei? t + V0 e? i? t , 2mc ? where V0 represents the fundamental interaction of the electromagnetic ? eld with the electron. The electromagnetic ? eld is supposed to be in truth weak compared to the utilise static ? eld B, and so one can use time-dependent flutter theory to study this problem. The states ? hat we will use are the eigenstates of Jz ? Jz m = hmm , ? where m will take 2j + 1 values, from ? j to +j. The energy of these levels is given by g where n eB ? Jz n = 2mc n n , = geB? n h 2mc = gBB n. In t ime-dependent folie theory, we know that the time-dependent interaction can cause transition between unlike m states. The transition rate per unit time, from i th level to jth level is given by 2? ? Wij = jV0 i 2 ? ( j ? i ? h? ), ? h ? assuming that j i . This expression says that transition from state i to j is possible when the frequency of radiation ? ( j ? i )/? . This is the condition for tintinnabulation, or in our case, h electron spin resonance. ? ? There is one consequential point about the form of V0 . It happens to be such that jV0 i is nonzero only when j = i 1. This means that transition is possible between, say, ? 3/2 and ? 1/2 , but not between, say, ? 3/2 and 1/2 . Such restrtictions, imposed by the kind of interaction and the nature of states, are called selection rules. 2 The ESR setup commentary of the ESR spectrometer A block diagram of the ESR Spectrometer is given in the ? gure above. Basic rope The ? st stage of the ESR circuit consists of a cri tically familiarised radio frequency oscillator. This type of oscillator is inevitable here, so that the slightest increase in its load decreases the amplitude of oscillation to an appreciable extent. The sample is kept inside the tank coil of the oscillator, which in turn, is placed in the 50 Hz magnetic ? eld generated by the Helmholtz coils. At resonance, i. e. when the frequency of oscillation becomes compeer to frequency corresponding to the energy splitting of the sublevels, the oscillator amplitude registers a dip due to the absorption of power by the sample.This obviously, occurs periodically four times in each complete calendar method of the supply voltage of the magnetic ? eld. The result is an amplitude modulated common carrier which is then detected development a diode detector and ampli? ed by a chain of three low noise, high elevate audio-frequency ampli? ers to suit the input requirement of any oscilloscope. Highly stabilized and virtually ripple handsome powe r supply for the above circuit is curbed using an integrated circuit regulator. Phase shifter This can compensate the undermined soma di? erence which may be introduced in the ampli? cation stages of the spectrometer and oscilloscope. 0 Hz sweep oar unit A 50 Hz up-to-date ? ows with Helmholtz coils which provides a low frequency magnetic ? eld to the sample. As the resonance is notice at a few gauss only, no static magnetic ? eld is applied. R. F. Oscillator It is a transistorised radio frequency oscillator suitable for the determination of resonance frequency. Frequency range 10 megacycle to 18 megacycle trueness Better than 0. 5 % The Sample The sample used in our ESR setup is diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH). It is a widely used standard in ESR experiments. The structure of this organic molecule, shown in the ? gure, contains three benzene rings.Its important gas is that it contains a single un agreeed electron, whose orbital angular momentum is 3 O2N N N NO2 O2N zero. S o, the electron has only the spin angular momentum, and the stuff and nonsense gives a g? factor which is close to 2. 0038. One thus has to chain reactor with the simple situation where j = 1/2, and only two sublevels are involved. In conventional spectroscopy, absorption intensity is plotted against the frequency of radiation to get the absorption spectrum. In the present case, one should obtain a single abosorption geB peak at frequency ? = ( j ? i )/? , which is goose egg but ? = 2mc . However, in this setup it is h di? ult to vary the frequency of radiation. So, what is finished with(p) is that the frequency of radiation is ? xed at some ? 0 , and the ordinarily static, magnetic ? eld is swept between the positive and negative extremes of a maximum ? eld value. This is done by supplying an alternating current to the Helmholts coils which are supposed to generate the magnetic ? eld. During the AC cycle, 2mc whenever the strength of the magnetic ? eld (+ve or -ve) becomes equal to B0 = ? 0ge , there is a resonance condition, and radiation is absorbed. Origin of four peaks In this experiment, the CRO is used in the x-y mode.The subscribe from the AC source, which supplies current for the magnetic ? eld, is fed to the X plates of the CRO, and the absorption star sign is B fed to the Y plates. The point on the extreme mighty on the CRO 2 4 3 1 block out represents the maximum positive value of the ? eld, and the point on the extreme left(p) represents the maximum negative value ? B of the ? eld. The point at the affectionateness represents zero ? eld. Without Time the Y-plates, the point on the CRO screen goes from maximum negative value to zero, and the maximum positive value, and then back again to the mimimum value.As one can see from the ? gure, the ? eld strength becomes B0 four times in one single sweep cycle. 0 0 0 Now if the absorption manifestation is fed to the Y-plates, whenever the ? eld strength becomes B0 , the Y-axis will show a pe ak. So, one should see four peaks corresponding to points 1,2,3,4 in the ? gure. But one can see that on the X-axis of the CRO screen, points 2 and 3 are the same, because they correspond to the same value of the ? eld B0 , and points 1 and 4 are the same because they correspond to the ? eld ? B0 . So, the four peaks should product such that only two are visible.However, the absorption signal passes by some electronic circuitry before being fed to the Y-plates of the CRO, so it very di? cult to make sure that no bod change occurs in the process. If there is a small phase di? erence between the AC signal on the X plates and the signal on the Y plates, when points 3 and 4 are traced, the peaks do not overlap with those at 1 and 2. So, in practice one would see four peaks. If one has a modality of changing the phase of, say, the Y signal, one can adjust the phase manually so that the four peaks merge into two. Getting the numbersWe have the lock over the current that is passing w ith the Helmholtz coils, and this can also be measured. But what we actually need for our calculation is, the magnetic ? eld B applied to the sample. Let us ? rst calculate the magnetic ? eld through the Helmholtz coils. This can be done easily 4 using the Biot-Savart law. B = 0 4 5 3/2 I N , r where 0 = 4? ? 10? 1 (cgs units) N = number of turns in each coil. r = the radius of the Helmholtz coils in cm (which is equal to their separation when they are properly arranged). I = current passing through the coils.The value of B is obtained in gauss. As the current is measured by an AC ammeter, the value of the current, and thus the ? eld, is the r. m. s. value. The peak value of the ? eld will be given by v v 8 2 I N . Bmax = 2B = 0 v one hundred twenty-five r suppose the peak value of the ? eld (= Bmax ) corresponds to P divisions from the center on the x-axis of the CRO screen. Then if Q be the distance of the observed resonances from the center (in the units of divisions), the ? el d corresponding to the resonance will be given by B0 = Q But the resonance condition is given by B0 = h ? 0 ? , gB Bmax P hich can be used to determine the value of g, once B0 is known. Now, for a ? xed ? 0 , B0 is ? xed, although one can vary the current I and get various military strength of the absorption peaks. Let us preserve the expression for B0 and see what is most accurate way to calculate it v N 0 8 2 v B0 = I Q. rP 125 The ESR spectrometer is such that P does not vary as one varies I. So, the best way to evaluate the above expression will be to plot a graph between 1/I and Q, and ? nd out the slope, which will give the average value of I Q. The ? eld at the absorption peaks can be calulated as v N 0 8 2 v B0 = ? lope of graph between 1/I and Q. rP 125 Procedure Connections Connections are done as follows ESR spectrometer and power supply are affiliated with connecting cables. Connect the coaxial cable of the induction coil to the oscillator through the socket tag input. 5 Connect the Helmoltz coils to the power supply terminal attach H coil. Connect the Out-put terminal marked X, Y, E on the ESR spectrometer to the X plate, Y plate input and ground of the oscilloscope respectively and switch on the oscilloscope. Connect the power supply with AC mains.Adjustments Adjust the current in the Helmholtz coils at cl mA. The front control panel controls of the ESR spectrometer are adjusted as follows frequency, detector and phase, all centered. Experimental procedure The X plate of the CRO is callibrated in terms of magentic ? eld as follows 1. X ampli? er of the CRO is adjusted to obtain the maximum X de? ection (e. g. P divisions. 2. Note the current ? owing in the Helmholtz coils. The magnetic ? eld can then be calculated from the formula for B given before. Number of turn in the coils N = calciferol and the radius r = 7. 7cm.The positions of the two peaks of the ESR signal at resonance is measured. Let this be Q divisions from the center. The best possible resonance peaks are obtained by varying the frequency in the range of 12 to 14 MHz and the Y sensitivity of the oscilloscope. The pahse knob is adjusted to coincide one pair of peaks with the other. The current through the coils is then varied, keeping the frequency ? xed, and the corresponding position of the peaks from the center noted. A graph between 1/I and Q is then plotted and can be used in calculating the g-factor, as described earlier.Repeat the above procedure for di? erent values of frequency. Observations and calculation S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. I(mA) 150 175 200 225 250 275 I(A) 1/I Distance of peaks from center (Q) 10 MHz 13 MHz 15 MHz 17 MHz 2. 4 1. 9 1. 9 1. 9 2. 0 1. 6 1. 6 1. 5 1. 4 1. 4 1. 4 1. 4 1. 2 1. 3 1. 2 1. 2 1. 1 1. 1 1. 1 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0 0. 150 6. 667 0. 175 5. 714 0. 200 5. 00 0. 225 4. 44 0. 250 4. 00 0. 275 2. 636 Slope of the graph (= I Q) = 0. 282, P = 5, N = 500 r = 7. 7cm, 0 = 0. 1 ? 4? , B = 9. 2741 ? 10? 21 , h = 6. 626 ? 10? 27 . v N 0 8 2 v B0 = I Q rP 125 v 500 ? . 1 ? 4? 8 2 v ? 0. 282 = 7. 7 ? 5 125 = 4. 657 6 ?0 = 13 MHz 2 1. 8 1. 6 Q 1. 4 1. 2 1 0. 8 3. 5 4 4. 5 5 1/I 5. 5 6 6. 5 7 g = h? 0 B B 0 6. 626 ? 10? 27 ? 13 ? 106 = 9. 2741 ? 10? 21 4. 657 = 1. 9944 Precautions 1. The direction of the Helmholtz coils should be preferable adjusted so that the ? eld is perpendicular to earths magnetic ? eld, which is about 0. 3 Gauss. 2. Setup the experiment at a place free from electric and magnetic ? elds and mechanical disturbances. 3. Y-output from the ESR spectrometer should be through a good shielded cable. 7