The Nervous System

Chapter 35 Nervous System MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The basic examples of wind in the human consistence be a. mobile ph single, reed organ, and organ organisation. b. sight, odour, and hearing. c. thyroid, trachea, adenoid, and bronchus. d. muscle builder, head-in-the-clouds, connective, and epithelial. autonomic queasy schemeDDIFAREFp. 894OBJ35. 1. 1 2. Which arrangement regulates and controls growth, development, and metabolism? a. quitocrine corpsec. integumentary arrangement b. lymphatic framed. cadaverous system autonomic flyaway systemADIFEREFp. 893OBJ35. 1. 1 STO12. A. 4. b 3. The take aims of organization in the em corpse include a. endocrine, respiratory, digestive, and anxious(p). b. booths, tissues, organs, and organ systems. c. cells, tissues, and enjoyments. d. lymphatic, respiratory, and circulatory. autonomic tense systemBDIFAREFp. 891OBJ35. 1. 1 4. How some organ systems drag up the human organic structure? a. 4c. 8 b. 5d. 11 autonomic quea sy systemDDIFBREFp. 891OBJ35. 1. 1 5. A group of similar cells that coif a single function is called a(an) a. marrow. c. tissue. b. organ. d. organ system. autonomic nervous systemCDIFBREFp. 891OBJ35. 1. 1 6. Which type of tissue lines your knowledgeable organs? a. epithelialc. daring b. connectived. muscle autonomic nervous systemADIFBREFp. 894OBJ35. 1. 1 7.Which type of tissue enables a persons fingers to move as he or she plays the piano? a. epithelialc. typeface b. connectived. muscle autonomic nervous systemDDIFEREFp. 894OBJ35. 1. 1 8. Which type of tissue provides champion for the torso? a. epithelialc. nerve b. connectived. muscle autonomic nervous systemBDIFBREFp. 894OBJ35. 1. 1 9. The process by which organ systems chief(prenominal)tain comparatively perpetual familiar conditions is called a. circulation. c. homeostasis. b. organization. d. team organize. autonomic nervous systemCDIFBREFp. 895OBJ35. 1. 2 10. Which process enables the consistency to wield a shelter temperature? a. heatingc. feedback inhibition b. circulationd. cellular clay process autonomic nervous systemCDIFAREFp. 895OBJ35. 1. 2 11. The level of chemicals in the body that speed up cellular activity is adjust by a. natural action potential. c. the sympathetic nervous system. b. feedback inhibition. d. the parasympathetic nervous system. autonomic nervous systemBDIFEREFp. 895OBJ35. 1. 2 12. Which system coordinates the bodys response to changes in its internal and external environment? a. lymphatic systemc. excretory system b. nervous systemd. fruitful system autonomic nervous systemBDIFBREFp. 892, p. 897 OBJ35. 2. 1STO12. A. 4. b 13. Neurons argon classify by the a. direction in which they carry likings. b. amount of metabolic activity that takes place. c. number of dendrites that branch out. d. number of impulses that they carry. autonomic nervous systemADIFEREFp. 897OBJ35. 2. 1 14. What is the smallest structural and structural unit of the nervous sy stem? a. nervec. organ b. neurond. tissue autonomic nervous systemBDIFAREFp. 897OBJ35. 2. 1 15. What begins when a neuron is stimulated by some different neuron or by the environment? a. a thresholdc. an impulse b. an action potentiald. a dendrite autonomic nervous systemCDIFBREFp. 899OBJ35. 2. 2 16. What is the function of neuro maneuverters? a. to transmit nerve impulses through dendrites b. to stimulate the production of epinephrine c. to transmit nerve impulses across synapses d. n bingle of the higher up autonomic nervous systemCDIFAREFp. 900OBJ35. 2. 2 17. For a neuron to r severally an action potential, it must a. grow electrons. b. absorb calcium. c. reverse the galvanizing charge across the cell membrane. d. take in sodium ions. ANSCDIFEREFp. 899OBJ35. 2. 2 traffic pattern 351 18. Refer to understand 351. The cell body of a neuron collects info from which body bodily structure? a. Ac. C b. Bd. E ANSADIFEREFp. 897, p. 898 OBJ35. 2. 2 19. When an impulse reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of a. neurotransmitters. c. dendrites. b. sodium ions. d. receptors. ANSADIFAREFp. 900OBJ35. 2. 2 20. What is the function of the rudimentary nervous system? a. to relay messagesc. to analyze information b. to process informationd. all of the above ANSDDIFBREFp. 901OBJ35. 3. 1 21. Which of the following is a function of the cerebrum? a. controls conscious activities of the body b. controls emotional state rate c. controls phone line pressure d. controls animate ANSADIFAREFp. 902OBJ35. 3. 1 22. The region of the sensation that recognizes hunger is the a. head word stem. c. hypothalamus. b. lightbulb ob farsightedata. d. thalamus. ANSCDIFAREFp. 903OBJ35. 3. 1 23. The baron to move your rectify hand is controlled by the a. left hemisphere of the cerebrum. b. right hemisphere of the cerebrum. c. both the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum. d. neither hemisphere of the cerebrum. ANSADIFEREFp. 902OBJ35. 3. 1 24. A stude nts ability to think about a question and answer it mightily is directly controlled by the a. brain stem. c. medulla. b. cerebellum. d. cerebrum. ANSDDIFEREFp. 902OBJ35. 3. 1 25. Which division(s) of the circumferential nervous system transmit(s) impulses from maven organs to the central nervous system? . receptive divisionc. sensory(prenominal) and go divisions b. take divisiond. spinal heap division ANSADIFBREFp. 903OBJ35. 3. 2 26. Which division of the nervous system controls the ability to dance? a. materialc. central b. autonomicd. brain ANSADIFEREFp. 903OBJ35. 3. 2 27. The division of the nervous system that helpers the body react to pain is the a. somatic nervous system. c. autonomic nervous system. b. sensory nervous system. d. sympathetic nervous system. ANSADIFAREFp. 904OBJ35. 3. 2 28. Sense organs ar deduct of the a. peripheral nervous system. c. autonomic nervous system. . central nervous system. d. parasympathetic nervous system. ANSADIFAREFp. 903OBJ35 . 3. 2 29. What be the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system? a. brain and spinal cordc. somatic and autonomic b. thalamus and hypothalamusd. sensory and go ANSDDIFBREFp. 903OBJ35. 3. 2 30. Which of the following general categories of sensory receptors be situated everywhere in the body except the brain? a. ther moreceptorsc. photoreceptors b. mechanoreceptorsd. pain receptors ANSDDIFAREFp. 906OBJ35. 4. 1 31. Which general category of sensory receptors detects variations in temperature? . thermoreceptorsc. photoreceptors b. mechanoreceptorsd. pain receptors ANSADIFBREFp. 906OBJ35. 4. 1 32. Sensory receptors that atomic number 18 sensitive to chemicals atomic number 18 make in the a. skin, body core, and hypothalamus. c. eyes. b. skin, hard up muscles, and inner ears. d. nose and appreciation buds. ANSDDIFEREFp. 906OBJ35. 4. 1 33. Which of the volt whizzs contains two types of photoreceptors called rods and cones? a. visionc. smell b. hearingd. apprehension ANS ADIFBREFp. 907OBJ35. 4. 2 34. In which of the following structures might an infection nominate lightheadedness? a. semicircular burnalsc. eardrum . oval windowd. cochlea ANSADIFEREFp. 908OBJ35. 4. 2 soma 352 35. Which denominate structure in bode 352 creates pressure waves in the cochlea? a. structure Ac. structure C b. structure Bd. structure D ANSADIFEREFp. 908OBJ35. 4. 2 36. In get in 352, which labeled structure sends impulses to the brain that enable it to obtain body motion and position? a. structure Ac. structure C b. structure Bd. structure D ANSBDIFAREFp. 908, p. 909 OBJ35. 4. 2 37. Which sense relies on the largest sense organ in the body? a. touchc. smell b. hearingd. taste ANSADIFAREFp. 09OBJ35. 4. 2 38. If you did not like the olfactory property of a certain oral liquid medicine, you could hide much of its taste by a. closing your eyes. c. holding your nose. b. covering your ears. d. folding your hands together. ANSCDIFEREFp. 909OBJ35. 4. 2 39. drugs that in crease heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate are called a. stimulants. c. opiates. b. depressants. d. alcoholic beverage. ANSADIFBREFp. 910OBJ35. 5. 1 40. What types of drugs slow down the activity of the central nervous system? a. stimulantsc. opiates b. depressantsd. cocaine ANSBDIFAREFp. 911OBJ35. 5. 1 41.Uncontrollable pain and sickness expire beca aim the body cannot produce enough endorphins when a drug user attempts to chit using a. opiates. c. crack. b. cocaine. d. marijuana. ANSADIFEREFp. 911OBJ35. 5. 1 42. The approximately widely abused statutory drug is a. marijuana. c. amphetamines. b. tranquilizers. d. alcohol. ANSDDIFBREFp. 912OBJ35. 5. 2 43. What system does alcohol immediately reach? a. digestivec. nervous b. circulatoryd. endocrine ANSCDIFBREFp. 912OBJ35. 5. 2 44. alcohol does each of the following EXCEPT a. slow reflex actiones. c. impair judgment. b. stimulate heart rate. d. disrupt coordination. ANSBDIFAREFp. 912OBJ35. 5. 2 45. One third of all homicides can be attri neverthelessed to the effects of a. alcohol. c. crack. b. cocaine. d. opiates. ANSADIFEREFp. 912OBJ35. 5. 2 MODIFIED TRUE/ morose 1. There are four levels of organization in the human body cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. _________________________ ANSTDIFAREFp. 891 OBJ35. 1. 1 2. A group of similar cells that bring to pass a single function is called a(an) organ. _________________________ ANSF, tissue DIFBREFp. 891OBJ35. 1. 1 3. The hypothalamus is to your body as the thermostat is to the internal environment of a house. ________________________ ANSTDIFEREFp. 896 OBJ35. 1. 2 4. Spreading out from the cell body of a neuron are short, branched extensions called axones. _________________________ ANSF, dendrites DIFBREFp. 898OBJ35. 2. 1 5. The propagation of an action potential is unhurried in myelinated axons than in axons that lack a myelin sheath. _________________________ ANSF, faster DIFEREFp. 898OBJ35. 2. 2 6. The largest and most promi nent region of the human brain that is responsible for the intended, or conscious, activities of the body is the cerebellum. _________________________ ANSF, cerebrumDIFBREFp. 902OBJ35. 3. 1 7. The brain and spinal cord can withstand considerable trauma due to the meninges acting as a shock absorber. ______________________________ ANSF, cerebrospinal silver DIFAREFp. 901OBJ35. 3. 1 8. If you accidentally step on a tack with your rifle foot, the pathway that the nerve impulse takes from your foot to your leg is called a reflex arc. _________________________ ANSTDIFBREFp. 904 OBJ35. 3. 2 9. The autonomic nervous system is part of the travel division of the peripheral nervous system. _________________________ ANSTDIFAREFp. 904 OBJ35. 3. 2 10.Chemoreceptors are associated with the sense of smell and touch. _________________________ ANSF, taste DIFAREFp. 909OBJ35. 4. 1 11. Rods move to light of antithetical colors, producing color vision. ____________________ ANSF, Cones DIFEREFp. 9 07OBJ35. 4. 2 12. A person with a relatively small number of cones in the retinas may realise trouble distinguishing colors. _________________________ ANSTDIFEREFp. 907 OBJ35. 4. 2 13. The cochlea and the two tiny sacs located behind it help the body maintain its equilibrium. ______________________________ ANSF, semicircular canals DIFEREFp. 908OBJ35. 4. 2 14.Addiction can be specify as intentional misuse of either drug for nonmedical purposes. _________________________ ANSF, Drug abuse DIFAREFp. 914OBJ35. 5. 1 15. About 40 percent of the fatal accidents that return on Americans highways involve the drug alcohol. _________________________ ANSTDIFBREFp. 912 OBJ35. 5. 2 COMPLETION 1. Your skin, hair, nails, and perspire and oil glands make up your _________________________ system. ANSintegumentary DIFEREFp. 892OBJ35. 1. 1STO12. A. 4. b 2. Neurons are classified into three types according to the ____________________ the impulse triggers. ANSdirection DIFAREFp. 97OBJ35. 2. 1 3. T he process by which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the skipper stimulus is called ____________________ inhibition. ANSfeedback DIFBREFp. 895OBJ35. 1. 2 4. ____________________ is the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment. ANSHomeostasis DIFAREFp. 895OBJ35. 1. 2 5. In most animals, axons and dendrites are clustered into bundles of fibers called ____________________. ANSnerves DIFAREFp. 898OBJ35. 2. 1 6. Sensory neurons and motor neurons are connected by ____________________, which carry impulses betwixt them. ANSinterneuronsDIFBREFp. 897OBJ35. 2. 1 7. The myelin sheath that surrounds a single long axon leaves many gaps, called ____________________, where the axon membrane is exposed. ANSnodes DIFAREFp. 898OBJ35. 2. 1 8. The difference in galvanizing charge across the cell membrane of a pass offing neuron is its resting ____________________. ANSpotential DIFAREFp. 898OBJ35. 2. 2 9. The two major divisions of the human nervous sy stem are the central and the ____________________ nervous systems. ANSperipheral DIFBREFp. 901OBJ35. 3. 1 Figure 353 10. The process illustrated in Figure 353 is called a(an) ____________________.ANSreflex arc DIFEREFp. 904OBJ35. 3. 2 11. The turning of your head is controlled by the ____________________ nervous system, which is part of the peripheral nervous systems motor division. ANSsomatic DIFEREFp. 903OBJ35. 3. 2 12. Sensory receptors called _________________________ are found in the skin, skeletal muscles, and inner ears and are sensitive to touch, pressure, stretching of muscles, sound, and motion. ANSmechanoreceptors DIFBREFp. 906OBJ35. 4. 1 13. lesser muscles attached to the ____________________ of your eye change its shape to help you focus on near or distant objects.ANSlens DIFEREFp. 907OBJ35. 4. 2 14. The class of drugs called ____________________ mime natural chemicals in the brain cognise as endorphins, which normally help to catch sensations of pain. ANSopiates DI FEREFp. 911OBJ35. 5. 1 15. Cirrhosis of the liver is a realistic result of the long-term use of ____________________. ANSalcohol DIFBREFp. 913OBJ35. 5. 2STO11. A. 4. c, 13. A. 4. b ill-judged ANSWER 1. Compare and contrast tissues and organs. ANS A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a single function. An organ is a group of tissues that work together to perform a complex function.DIFAREFp. 891OBJ35. 1. 1 2. What is homeostasis? ANS Homeostasis is the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external environments. DIFBREFp. 895OBJ35. 1. 2 3. How can the nervous system help a person run without falling? Explain. ANS poise is requirement for running. Portions of the nervous system, along with the sense organs, can interpret a persons balance and make minor corrections to make sure the person will not fall. DIFEREFp. 908OBJ35. 4. 1 4. Distinguish between the functions of dendrites and axons.ANS Dendrites and axons are pa rts of a neuron. Dendrites carry impulses from the environment or from other neurons toward the cell body. Axons carry impulses away from the cell body. DIFBREFp. 898OBJ35. 2. 2 5. At what fixture does a neuron transfer an impulse to another cell? ANS the synapse DIFAREFp. 900OBJ35. 2. 2 Figure 351 6. Identify the structure and its labeled parts illustrated in Figure 351. ANS neuron (A) dendrite (B) cell body (C) axon (D) myelin sheath (E) nucleus DIFEREFp. 897OBJ35. 2. 2 7. What are the major regions of the brain? ANSThe major regions of the brain are the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the brain stem, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. DIFBREFp. 901, p. 902, p. 903OBJ35. 3. 1 8. How is the spinal cord like a major telephone line? ANS The spinal cord is the main communications tie between the brain and the rest of the body, transmitting information, just as a telephone line carries many calls at once. DIFAREFp. 903OBJ35. 3. 1 9. Why is a severe injury to the brain stem usually fatal? ANS The brain stem controls some of the bodys most fundamental functions, including breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and swallowing.These involuntary processes are essential to life, so the disruption of any of these processes can cause death. DIFEREFp. 902OBJ35. 3. 1 10. What is a motor neuron? ANS A motor neuron carries impulses from the brain and the spinal cord to muscles and glands. DIFEREFp. 897OBJ35. 2. 1 11. How is a pain in your toe perceived by sensory receptors? Why is it grave for your body to sense this pain? ANS distressingness receptors respond to chemicals released by the damaged cells in your toes, which may indicate risk, injury, or disease. DIFEREFp. 906OBJ35. 4. 1 12. Identify the five main senses. ANSThe five main senses are vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. DIFBREFp. 906OBJ35. 4. 2 13. Compare and contrast the functions of rods and cones. ANS Both rods and cones are photoreceptors in the retina. Rods are sensitive to light but do not distingui sh colors. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but cones respond to light of different colors. DIFAREFp. 907OBJ35. 4. 2 14. How do opiates help people overcome sensations of pain? ANS Opiates mimic natural chemicals in the brain known as endorphins, which normally help to overcome sensations of pain. DIFBREFp. 911OBJ35. 5. 1 15.What are the cause and effect of fetal alcohol syndrome? ANS Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by consuming alcohol while pregnant. The effect of this syndrome is a range of line of descent defects in the baby, such as heart defect, malformed face, delayed growth, and myopic motor development. DIFAREFp. 913OBJ35. 5. 2STO11. A. 4. c, 13. A. 4. b OTHER USING scholarship SKILLS This diagram shows the structure of a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of a live neuron. Figure 354 1. Applying Concepts In Figure 354, which structures release neurotransmitters? ANS vesicles DIFAREFp. 900OBJ35. 2. 2. construe Graphics In Figure 354, i nto what field of battle do the neurotransmitters diffuse? ANS synaptic cleft DIFAREFp. 900OBJ35. 2. 2 3. Predicting Referring to Figure 354, predict the direction of the impulse. ANS The impulse will travel from the axon to the dendrite of the adjacent neuron. DIFAREFp. 900OBJ35. 2. 2 4. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 354, after the neurotransmitters are released from the cell surface, what happens to the neurotransmitters? ANS The neurotransmitters may be broken down by enzymes, or taken up and recycled by the axon terminal. DIFAREFp. 900OBJ35. 2. 2 5.Applying Concepts If the axon in Figure 354 is part of a motor neuron, to what cells are the impulses being passed? ANS muscle cells and glands DIFAREFp. 897OBJ35. 2. 2 USING SCIENCE SKILLS Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is a measure of the amount of alcohol in the bloodstream. The following graphs illustrate how many alcoholic drinks consumed in one hour result in different levels of BAC in man-to-mans of different masse s. In some states, an crowing driving with a BAC of 0. 08% or higher is considered to be legally drunk. Figure 355 6. Using Tables and Graphs You have a mass of 45 kg and have had one drink.According to Figure 355, how long would it take for your BAC to drop to 0. 04% or lower? ANS one hour DIFEREFp. 912, p. 913OBJ35. 5. 2 STO11. A. 4. c, 13. A. 4. b 7. Using Tables and Graphs You are a 48-kg adult and have had four drinks in an hour. According to Figure 355, could you contract legally after three hours? ANS no DIFEREFp. 912OBJ35. 5. 2 8. Interpreting Graphics Based on Figure 355, how is the mass of an individual related to BAC levels? ANS Individuals with more mass can consume more alcoholic drinks in the aforementioned(prenominal) period of time and have a lower BAC than individuals with less mass.DIFEREFp. 912OBJ35. 5. 2 9. Interpreting Graphics A 40-kg person and a 50-kg person each drink 4 drinks in 4 hours. Do they have the same BAC? ANS No. The 40-kg person has a BAC of 0. 10% or higher, whereas the 50-kg person has a BAC of 0. 05% to 0. 09%. DIFEREFp. 912OBJ35. 5. 2 10. Applying Concepts A 58-kg person has two cocktails just before dinner and a glass of wine-coloured with dinner 30 minutes later. According to Figure 355, how long would the individual be in the Definitely illegal category? ANS one hour DIFEREFp. 912OBJ35. 5. 2 USING SCIENCE SKILLS Figure 356 11.Interpreting Graphics What is the name of structure C in Figure 356? ANS spinal cord DIFBREFp. 901, p. 903OBJ35. 3. 1 12. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 356, which structure is responsible for the voluntary, or conscious, activities of the body? ANS structure A, the cerebrum DIFBREFp. 902OBJ35. 3. 1 13. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 356, which structure is the control center for actualization and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature? ANS hypothalamus DIFBREFp. 903OBJ35. 3. 1 14. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 356, which structure is the cerebellum? ANS structure B DIFBREFp. 901, p. 902OBJ35. 3. 1 15. Applying Concepts Referring to Figure 356, what two regions of the brain stem act as neural switchboards, regulating the flow of information between the brain and the rest of the body? ANS medulla oblongata and pons DIFBREFp. 902OBJ35. 3. 1 ESSAY 1. How are the cells of the human body similar to individuals in a society that work in groups to accomplish shared goals? ANS Every cell in the human body is both an independent unit and an interdependent part of a larger communitythe entire organism.Similarly, each individual in a society can survive independently, but it is also necessary to form interdependent groups to accomplish certain goals. DIFEREFp. 891OBJ35. 1. 1 2. Name half a dozen of the bodys systems and describe their functions. ANS Answer should include half-dozen of the following systems. The nervous system coordinates the bodys response to changes in its internal and external environment. The integumentary system serv es as a obstruction against infection and injury, helps to regulate body temperature, and provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun.The skeletal system supports the body, protects internal organs, allows movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation. The muscular system works with the skeletal system to provide voluntary movement and helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system. The circulatory system brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells fights infection removes cell wastes and helps regulate body temperature. The respiratory system provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon paper dioxide from the body.The digestive system converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body. The excretory system eliminates waste products from the body. The endocrine system controls growth, development, and metabolism. The reproductive system produces r eproductive cells and, in the female, nurtures and protects the developing embryo. The lymphatic system helps protect the body from disease, collects unstable lost from blood vessels, and returns the fluid to the circulatory system. DIFEREFp. 892, p. 893OBJ35. 1. 1 STO12. A. 4. b 3.Based on the process of feedback inhibition, explain how your body maintains a relatively constant temperature. ANS The hypothalamus contains nerve cells that monitor both the temperature of your skin at the surface of the body and the temperature of organs in the bodys core. When these nerve cells sense that the bodys temperature is lower than normal, the hypothalamus produces chemicals that signal cells passim the body to speed up their activities. Heat produced by this increase in cellular activity causes a gradual rise in body temperature, which is detected by the nerve cells in the hypothalamus.This feedback inhibits the production of chemicals that speed up cellular activity and keeps body tempera ture from rising to a treacherous level. If your body temperature rises too far above normal, the hypothalamus slows down cellular activities, minimizing the production of heat. DIFEREFp. 895OBJ35. 1. 2 4. Compare resting potential and action potential in a neuron. ANS The difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting neuron is the resting potential. once an impulse begins, positive ions rush across the cell membrane, reversing the charge difference.The at heart of the membrane gains a positive charge, and the outside of the membrane gains a ban charge. This rapid reversal of charges is called the action potential. As the impulse passes, the positively aerated ions flow out of the cell, and the resting potential of the membrane is reestablished. DIFAREFp. 898, p. 899OBJ35. 2. 2 5. What is the function of each of the main regions of the brain? ANS The cerebrum controls voluntary activities, intelligence, learning, and judgment. The cerebellum controls coor dination and balance.The brain stem controls blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and swallowing. The thalamus receives messages from the sense organs. The hypothalamus recognizes sensations of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature. DIFAREFp. 902, p. 903OBJ35. 3. 1 6. Compare the effects of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. ANS The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system each release different neurotransmitters that have opposite effects on the same organ system, which helps the body maintain homeostasis.When the sympathetic system speeds up an activity, the parasympathetic system slows down the same activity. For example, heart rate is increased by the sympathetic nervous system, but descendd by the parasympathetic nervous system. DIFAREFp. 904OBJ35. 3. 2 7. What are the five general categories of sensory receptors? Where are they located in the body? ANS The five general categories are pai n receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. Pain receptors are throughout the body except in the brain.Thermoreceptors are located in the skin, body core, and hypothalamus. Mechanoreceptors are found in skin, skeletal muscles, and inner ears. Chemoreceptors are found in the nose and taste buds. Photoreceptors are found in the eyes. DIFAREFp. 906OBJ35. 4. 1 8. How would you design an experiment to show that much of what people actually taste in food depends on their sense of smell? ANS Students experiments may include having someone taste different types of foods that have specific tastes and smells, and thus having the person taste them with his or her eyes shut and nose held closed.Students should shape if the person can identify the food that he or she tasted without the use of sight and smell, and record observations and draw conclusions. DIFEREFp. 909OBJ35. 4. 2 9. People who have to engender long distances sometimes take stimulants. Ho w might this practice be dangerous? ANS Stimulants increase the release of neurotransmitters at some synapses in the brain, which thus leads to a feeling of energy and well-being. However, when the effects of the stimulants wear off, the brains supply of neurotransmitters has been depleted.The user quickly falls into fatigue and depression, which can impair the persons ability to drive and could lead to accidents. DIFAREFp. 910OBJ35. 5. 1 10. In the Designated Driver Program, one person in a group agrees to be the driver and not to drink any alcohol. Why is this program important? ANS By decreasing the number of drunk drivers on the road, you decrease your chances of being problematic in such an accident. If more people were involved in the Designated Driver Program, fewer people would be in danger of being involved in a fatal accident. DIFEREFp. 912OBJ35. 5. 2