Cultural Encounters and Cultural Exemptions Essay

Cultural Encounters and Cultural Exemptions - Essay Example t can then allow for a further examination of the how cultural exemption can be defined in terms of fitting into the liberal philosophical point of view. In searching for avenues of autonomy, the liberal philosophic can find a great example in the concept of cultural exemption. Cultural exemption allows a culture to continue traditions that might otherwise be considered illegal. One example of this can be found in the United States where Native American’s are allowed to use peyote and mescaline drugs because of their cultural traditions while other citizens would be arrested for this use. As well, the Native American’s are allowed to kill eagles, a protected bird in the United States, and use the parts of the body for religious ceremonies (343). This type of exemption is noble in its preservation of a culture that is all but gone from the world. However, in terms of global engagements of enterprise between countries, the act of allowing a cultural exemption within a country may prevent other countries from interacting with them in trade when the exemption is too controversial (Crane, Kawashima, & Kawasaki 2002: 82). a foundation of belief. According to Barry (1996), classical liberalism â€Å"begins with a ‘realistic’ view of man and his condition†(8). The foundation of the philosophy is that government should be limited and the freedoms of individuals should be widely available. Some of the other basic ideals are freedoms of religion, the press, speech, of assembly and for a free market (Sarder 1997: 74). However, liberalism also has a strong sense of the concept of autonomy. This concept is so important to the theory that a rejection of the idea of community accompanies this concept. According to Sarder, the liberalist views the community as a place where too much sacrifice of individual freedom exists and that each individual should define their own sense of morality, not adhering to the overall values of a culturally connected society (74). However,

Conventional cryptography Essay Example for Free

Conventional cryptography Essay Conventional cryptography uses identical secret â€Å"key† in both message encrypting and decrypting. Secret key cryptography often times having difficulty securing key management usually in opens systems with large numbers of users (RSA Lab, n. d. ). Diffie and Hellman initiated the concept of public-key cryptosystems in 1976, to work out the problems with key management. (RSA Lab, n. d. ) The newly created concept of public-key cryptosystems employs encryption and digital signatures. The public-key cryptosystem works by providing each person a pair of keys, a public-key, and a private-key. The advantage of using public-key is you can send out classified information publicly but it cannot be decrypted. Safely, the recipient that holds the private key is doing the decryption. The form the holds the security information for both sender and receiver is called a certificate. Public-key certificate The Public-key cryptosystems principal ingredients in realizing its security tasks are: 1) Issuer – holds the public-key and the compulsory signed private key. It is the basis of the certificate. Issuer can be anyone with a public key and a private key. 2) Subject- contains public key, value, or name. The subject is receiver of the certificate. The particular recipient in this field has exclusive rights to view the certificate. 3) Delegation- this field contains a Boolean value providing the subject with rights to re-delegate the certificate. If the field is false, the subject may not pass or delegate the certificate to other subject. 4) Authorization- it restricts the subject access rights to a specific information, data, and locations. These rights may be given depending on applications and the level of security required. 5) Validity dates specify the validity period of a certificate by an issuer. It limits the duration of access of the subject. Sample transaction process of public-key cryptosystem. The sample above shows Ka as the issuer, Kb as the subject, True as Boolean value to allow the subject to re-delegate the certificate, Authorization to read file in â€Å". \john\documents,† and certificate validity dates from 02/10/2006 to 02/12/2006. John with a Public-key (Ka) issued a certificate to subject Dianne (Kb). The certificate is sign by Johns private key, when Dianne wants to read and write files in John’s document directory, request will be written, signs it with his own private key, and send it. When the file server gets the request and found Johns (Ka) signed private key, then the request is granted. The server will now allow Dianne to read and write files in John’s documents directory until the validity date specified in the certificates validity field expires. The delegation occur when the Boolean field is mark True, Kb can now impart its right to other subject. Let us call the new public-key as Kc. Kb re-delegate its certificate to Kc and signs a new certificate for Kc at the same time. Kc now has two certificates, which form a chain. References: RSA Laboratories, (n. d. ), â€Å"What is public-key cryptography? † [online], http://www. rsasecurity. com/rsalabs/node. asp? id=2165 Wang Yulian, 1998, â€Å"SPKI,† Computer Science, Helsinki University, [online], http://www. niksula. cs. hut. fi/~yuwang/publications/SPKI/SPKI. html

The Flat Tax :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Taxation has always been a major controversy. Just like any major corporation, the government is constantly looking to raise revenue. The easiest and fairest way to do this is by taxing the people. However, how the people will be taxed is always an issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The current tax system that the United States uses contains several flaws. First of all, it is very complex. It is comprised of many various variables that can create loopholes. These loopholes can cause two equal income families to be paying very different tax rates. In fact, there are 480 different types of tax forms (Website). The current tax system is also very unfair for the wealthy. Because it is a progressive tax, it is higher for people who have higher incomes. People should not be punished for being successful. If a flat tax policy were instituted, then it would simplify the complicated tax system, create fairness within the economy, and promote a desire to thrive financially.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The flat tax would simplify the tax system because instead of filling out a variety of complicated forms, a person would only need to tell the IRS how much money they make, then give the percent of that amount. This would dissolve all of the loopholes that exist within the current system. It would cut back on the opportunities for unethical people to cheat. If the flat tax system were taken, taxpayers would save 94% in compliance costs (Website).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The flat tax will make taxes fair for all people. No matter what race a person is, what social class a person is in, or who they’re friends with, they will end up paying the same rate. Every single taxpayer will have to sacrifice just as much of his or her life as the next person down the road. One of the three main reasons for taxes is to maintain fairness. This is most reasonable ways to maintain fairness. The wealthy will still be paying more money than the poor person, but they both have the same tax burden.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because all economic brackets are taxed equally under a flat tax, earning more money is no longer discouraged. Because there are no more marginal tax rates, people will have incentive to work more without worrying that the extra money they make will be taxed higher. It is said that the economy would grow by 5.

Cultural , Political, and Religious Interactions in Ancient Asia Essay

Since Asian countries came in contact with each other, Cultural, Political, and Religious interactions between them, began. The Ancient Asian countries’ interactions with each other play a big role in affecting how the Asian countries are today. Political contacts and interaction were most often made because a country wanted to become allies to gain military security, or to join their forces to fight a mutual enemy that they couldn’t fight alone; but sometimes situations didn’t go the way they were planned. One example is Zhang Qian’s mission as an envoy. He was sent as an envoy from Wu Di, the Han emperor, to make contact and alliance with the nomadic tribes just west of them. The western tribes and the Han Empire had a mutual enemy, the Xiongnu, who roamed the lands just north of the Great Wall. Zhang Qian started off to the west, but when he came back to the Han Empire he was with a Xiongnu wife. His report was that he was captured by the Xiongnu and this woman helped him escape. He traveled to the western tribes to make an alliance but they refused. Missionaries usually made religious contacts. The missionaries’ main goal was to spread their religion so more people convert. Examples of religious contact by missionaries are buddhist missionaries. They traveled all throughout Southeast Asia, settled there for a while, and successfully converted a lot of people into Buddhism. The Asian countries’ cultures influenced each other. They influenced each other’s culture through trade. Foreign artifacts, ideas and craft skills were adapted into the local culture if they seemed useful. Indian influence spread all throughout Southeast Asia, largely because of Brahmins who had royal courts across Southeast Asia. They brought new government ideas, artistic ideas, and a written language called Sanskrit. The main Chinese cultural influence, aside from religion, was language and laws. They spread the Chinese language and laws along mainland Southeast Asia, especially Vietnam, when they tried to take it over. However, even though the Asian countries’ cultures influenced each other, they each had a strong local culture to begin with.

My Family – Dad

Im a kind of person that really cares for his family. I have a great education from my father and thats why I admire him for many reasons. Hes a generous person, a great businessman, and a really good father. My dad is always helping people around him. He really cares for his family and he works hard to provide for his extended as well as, immediate family. He supports anyone that has problems with money, police, or any other kind of problem. He is the godfather for everyone in our family. My father is always here when they need them. In the same way, he has also helped his friends. For example: when his friend lost everything, he offered unlimited support to get him back on the right track. He thinks that no one else can do it. He always works with the men word with his friend. He doesnt take a check or title from them for the safety of his money. He is a generous person. My dad had a horrible childhood. When he was three years old, his father passed away. He had to support his family, so he sacrificed himself for them. He left school at the age 12 years old and worked for $ 20 a week. He had a lot of bad memories from his childhood as a consequence; it made him stronger and gave him experiences. He succeeds with the years and he got a lot of business experience. Now, he knows how to handle any kind of business. He could start any business and be sure that he succeeds on it. For example: He bought huge land next to the best tourist area in Casablanca for lot of money. Everyone was thinking that it was a big mistake but it wasnt. After many years, the land value has tripled. I could say that he has the feeling of business in his blood. My dad is a good father for our family. He sends his children to the best school and he doesnt care about the money. He is a powerful father, because he gave the education that he didnt get when he was younger. He made himself clear when something is wrong. If I do same thing wrong, he talked to me one time. He was always there when I need him. For example, I failed my high school two times normally. If he had the Muslim mind, he would let me leave the school, but he didnt. He always gave me a new chance. He gave me the energy to believe in myself and start again. He gave me the opportunity to study in United State of America, support my tuition and my living expenses. There are a few fathers in the world that can spend so much money for their children. In my opinion, I think that my father is the best father I could have ever asked for. I will try my best to be like him by being helpful to my children and people around me. I hope to be able to send my children though college and give them the knowledge needed to successful in society.

Free Essays on An Event A Book Or Movie That Affected My Life

Is there really such a thing as an event, movie or a book that could really change or affect somebody’s life? The answer will definetly be yes! My story began five years ago from a simple blood test I had to do. Being a volleyball player like all the other athletes i had to carry with me a health ID card to every game. To publish that ID card I had to go through a series of tests to confirm that I was healthy, in which one was the blood testing. I then discovered that my blood type was rhesus O negative and that was impossible since my parents were both rhesus A positive. I knew from my biology class that a chance for a child of both parents with blood type Rhesus A to have a Rhesus O was one in a billion. Could I have been that one in a billion child? I started asking questions to my parents but the answers I was getting weren’t satisfactory. So I decided to look and find for my birth certificate. After days of research I finally found it at the private clinic I was born. Until then it was no surprise to me that my parents weren’t really my birth parents. I ‘ve been adopted at the age of one month. It my sound crazy that I wasn’t surprise but I knew that something was wrong since I got my blood test results. At that point I had to search for my birth parents! It wasn’t very hard finding them since my real parents were very near by. My godmother and my godfather! My adopted parents explained to me that due to a health problem they couldn’t have kids. My â€Å"mum† was desperate for a child so her best friend, my godmother, decided to give to her the next baby she would give birth to. And that was me! Now how my life changed? Well I decided to stay with my adopted parents since they are the ones that raised me and I have no complains about the way they have been treating me. I love them like being my biological parents. As for my real parents, they are like my second family. I c... Free Essays on An Event A Book Or Movie That Affected My Life Free Essays on An Event A Book Or Movie That Affected My Life Is there really such a thing as an event, movie or a book that could really change or affect somebody’s life? The answer will definetly be yes! My story began five years ago from a simple blood test I had to do. Being a volleyball player like all the other athletes i had to carry with me a health ID card to every game. To publish that ID card I had to go through a series of tests to confirm that I was healthy, in which one was the blood testing. I then discovered that my blood type was rhesus O negative and that was impossible since my parents were both rhesus A positive. I knew from my biology class that a chance for a child of both parents with blood type Rhesus A to have a Rhesus O was one in a billion. Could I have been that one in a billion child? I started asking questions to my parents but the answers I was getting weren’t satisfactory. So I decided to look and find for my birth certificate. After days of research I finally found it at the private clinic I was born. Until then it was no surprise to me that my parents weren’t really my birth parents. I ‘ve been adopted at the age of one month. It my sound crazy that I wasn’t surprise but I knew that something was wrong since I got my blood test results. At that point I had to search for my birth parents! It wasn’t very hard finding them since my real parents were very near by. My godmother and my godfather! My adopted parents explained to me that due to a health problem they couldn’t have kids. My â€Å"mum† was desperate for a child so her best friend, my godmother, decided to give to her the next baby she would give birth to. And that was me! Now how my life changed? Well I decided to stay with my adopted parents since they are the ones that raised me and I have no complains about the way they have been treating me. I love them like being my biological parents. As for my real parents, they are like my second family. I c...

Sample Appeal Letter for a College Rejection

Sample Appeal Letter for a College Rejection If youve been rejected from college, you often have the option of appeal. The letter below illustrates a possible approach for appealing a college rejection. Before appealing, however, make sure you have a legitimate reason for appealing a rejection. In the majority of cases, an appeal is not warranted. If you do not have significant new information to report to a college, do not write an appeal. Also, make sure the college accepts appeals before writing one.   Features of a Successful Appeal Letter Address your letter to your admissions representative.Present a legitimate reason for appealing.Be respectful and positive, not angry or whiny.Keep your letter brief and to the point. Sample Appeal Letter Ms. Jane GatekeeperDirector of AdmissionsIvy Tower CollegeCollegetown, USA Dear Ms. Gatekeeper, Although I was not surprised when I received a rejection letter from Ivy Tower College, I was extremely disappointed. I knew when I applied that my SAT scores from the November exam were below average for Ivy Tower. I also knew at the time of the SAT exam (because of illness) that my scores did not represent my true ability. However, since I applied to Ivy Tower back in January, I have retaken the SAT and improved my scores measurably. My math score went from a 570 to a 660, and my reading score went up a full 120 points. I have instructed the College Board to send these new scores to you.I know Ivy Tower discourages appeals, but I hope you will accept these new scores and reconsider my application. I have also had the best quarter yet at my high school (a 4.0 unweighted), and I have enclosed my most recent grade report for your consideration. Again, I fully understand and respect your decision to deny me admission, but I do hope you will reopen my file to consider this new information. I was tremendously impressed by Ivy Tower when I visited last fall, and it remains the school I would most like to attend. Sincerely, Joe Student Discussion of the Appeal Letter As stated above, before writing a letter of appeal, you need to make sure you have a  legitimate reason to appeal. You must also make sure the college allows appeals- many schools do not. Theres a good reason for this- nearly all rejected students feel they have been treated unfairly or that the admissions staff failed to read their applications carefully. Many colleges simply dont want to deal with the flood of appeals they would receive if they allowed applicants to argue their cases. In Joes case, he learned that Ivy Tower College (obviously not the real name) does accept appeals, although the school discourages appeals. Joe addressed his letter to the Director of Admissions at the college. If you have a contact in the admissions office- either the Director or the representative for your geographic region- it is best to write to a specific person. If you dont have the name of an individual, you can address your letter with To Whom It May Concern or Dear Admissions Personnel. An actual name, of course, sounds much better. Now on to the body of Joes letter. Note that Joe is not whining. Admissions officers hate whining, and it wont get you anywhere. Joe is not saying that his rejection was unfair, nor is he insisting that the admissions office made a mistake. He may think these things, but he isnt including them in his letter. Instead, in both the opening and closing of the letter, he notes that he respects the decision of the admissions folks. Most important for an appeal, Joe does have a reason to appeal. He  tested poorly on the SAT, and he retook the exam and brought up his scores dramatically. Notice that Joe makes mention of being sick when he first took the SAT, but he is not using that as an excuse. An admissions officer is not going to reverse a decision simply because a student claims some kind of testing hardship. You need actual scores to show your potential, and Joe comes through with the new scores. Also, Joe is wise to send along his most recent grade report. He is doing extremely well in school, and the admissions officers will like to see those strong grades. Joe is not slacking off senior year, and his grades are trending upward, not down. He is certainly not revealing signs of senioritis, and he has avoided the issues in this weak appeal letter. Note that Joes letter is brief and to the point. Hes not wasting the time of the admissions officers with a long rambling letter. The college already has Joes application, so he doesnt need to repeat that information in the appeal. Joes letter does three important things in a concise manner. He states his respect for the admissions decision; he presents the new information that is the basis for his appeal, and he reaffirms his interest in the college. Were he to write anything else, he would be wasting the time of the admissions officers. A Final Word About Joes Appeal It is important to be realistic about an appeal. Joe writes a good letter and has significantly better scores to report. However, he is likely to fail in his appeal. The appeal is certainly worth a try, but the majority of rejection appeals are not successful.

Simple Crier (to Shout) Verb Conjugations in French

Simple Crier (to Shout) Verb Conjugations in French To shout or to scream in French uses the verb  crier. Its an easy one to remember if you remember that you cry out when you scream. Transforming it into the past, present, or future tense requires a verb conjugation and a quick lesson will show you how its done. Conjugating the French Verb  Crier The conjugations of French verbs  are a little complicated. You must, of course, change the ending to match the tense, but theres also a new ending used for each subject pronoun. That means you have more words to commit to memory. The good news is that  crier  is a  regular -ER verb  and it follows a very common verb conjugation pattern. The infinitive endings you see here are the same youll find in conjugations of  crà ©er  (to create),  fà ¢cher  (to make angry), and countless other verbs. To study these conjugations, pair the subject pronoun with the proper tense. For instance, I shout is je crie and we will scream is nous crierons Practicing these in various contexts will help with your memorization. Subject Present Future Imperfect je crie crierai criais tu cries crieras criais il crie criera criait nous crions crierons criions vous criez crierez criiez ils crient crieront criaient The Present Participle of Crier Adding -ant  to the verb stem  cri-  creates the  present participle  criant. This is a verb, of course, though you may also use it as an adjective, gerund, or noun in some circumstances. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is another form of the past tense. It requires the  past participle  crià ©, which is attached to the subject pronoun and a conjugation of  avoir  (an  auxiliary, or helping, verb). Putting the passà © composà © together is rather simple: I screamed becomes jai crià © and we shouted is nous avons crià ©. More Simple Crier  Conjugations The subjunctive verb form is used when the action of shouting is questionable, subjective, or uncertain. Similarly, the conditional verb form implies that the action may not happen unless something else happens. Primarily found in literature, you may not use the passà © simple nor the imperfect subjunctive yourself. However, you should be able to recognize them as a form of  crier. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je crie crierais criai criasse tu cries crierais crias criasses il crie crierait cria crit nous criions crierions crimes criassions vous criiez crieriez crites criassiez ils crient crieraient crirent criassent A very useful form of  crier  is the imperative verb form. This is used for exclamations and when using it, you can skip the subject pronoun: use crie rather than tu crie. Imperative (tu) crie (nous) crions (vous) criez

CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS - Assignment Example There is a great deal of conceptual knowledge to be removed from an application even though it seems to be too obvious to figure out. In light of this, the meaning triangle must be used to extract abstract conceptual knowledge by creating distinctions between conceptual, external and verbal entities. Whereas words (lexical objects) refer to the concrete linguistic entities employed in written text or speech (word node), the concepts represent the tools used to help in the thinking process. Therefore, the concept node represents the constructs utilized in building mental images of the world. Lastly, the referent node represents the physical entities or objects that are viewed as being part and parcel of the outside/external world. Thus, apart from being used to aid in the building of better knowledge based entities now, the meaning triangle will be vital in charting out a way for computer based knowledge acquisition. Conceptual analysis is vital in various aspects according to Sowa (1984). Therefore, conceptual analysis has made it possible to retrieve arguments and ideas from text. Further, it has demonstrated that individuals should look further beyond keyword indexes so as to encourage and develop their own ideas while in the process of looking for information. Also, it is vital to note that conceptual analysis has bridged and narrowed the gap between artificial intelligence audiences and IR audiences. Further, conceptual analysis was not binded by any single rigid syntactic formula or linguistic theory. As a result, conceptual analysis has been used to explain and express concepts such as cybernetics. Although the early definition of cybernetics was broad and included artificial intelligence, the rapid development of the field brought out the differences between cybernetics and artificial intelligence. However, conceptual analysis has attempted to bridge and lower this gap. Additionally, conceptual

Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Lab Report Example Invention of polymerase chain reaction and thermo stable DNA polymerase has revolutionized this concept. Many techniques like Variable tandem repeat (VNTRs) and Short Tandem Repeat(STRs) based Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism(AFLP) or DNA fingerprinting, Gender ID (Amelogenin), Mitochondrial D-Loop DNA for Maternal identification etc. have been developed for forensic investigations. PM&DQA1 is the first PCR based typing system, developed by the scientist at Cetus Corporation and commercialized by Applied Biosystems. Inc. PM& DQA1 is simple and rapid technique mainly employed in case of limited DNA sample or in case of highly degraded DNA. The test is performed on 6 different loci to investigate pleomorphism using hybridization based Reverse DOT-BLOT methodology. The major limitation of this technique is its differentiating power due to limited diversity found among 6 loci among different human population. Crime investigation obtained new direction after invention of DNA based techniques for identification of criminals. The biggest advantage of DNA based techniques is the requirement of very small amount of biological samples which includes blood, hair, semen etc. Invention of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and thermo stable DNA polymerase has revolutionized these DNA based techniques due to its immense power of DNA multiplication. There are many DNA based techniques that are employed for detection of crime and criminals including Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Variable tandem repeat (VNTRs) and Short Tandem Repeat(STRs) based Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism(AFLP) or DNA fingerprinting, Gender ID (Amelogenin), Mitochondrial D-Loop DNA for Matrilineal identification. Criminal identification based on human body parts or component has been used since last century as part of forensic investigations. The classical example being Human finger prints which was recogn ized by British physician Sir Francis Galton (1). In the beginning of 20th century many physiologists and doctors realized that blood cell has distinct antigens and they are different from individual to individuals. Initially blood cell antigens were taken into consideration only in case of blood transfusion and surgery but later on its forensic utilities were realized and it was employed to solve problem of paternity dispute, child mix-up etc. Those days blood samples saliva and semen samples were produced in court as evidence against criminals but it was not taken as conclusive evidence due to its limited distinguished power. In 1970, the things started to change after discovery of DNA structure and the increases in the understanding of its variability between individual to individual. Once DNA was established as target molecule for forensic investigation, many researchers came forward with different methodology and different locus having higher variability like micro and mini sat ellites. Initially there were many questions that were raised over methodologies and interpretation of DNA based identification systems. But thorough investigation and population genetics based

On August 7, 2006, Reuter International admitted to and apologized for Article

On August 7, 2006, Reuter International admitted to and apologized for the fact that one of their freelance photographers had digitally altered a photograph of - Article Example The photos had generated mass hysteria against the Israel attacks which had damaged civilian places and displaced millions of the people from their home. Reuter, later admitted that these photos were digitally altered. The main purpose was to gain generate sympathy for the civilians and indirectly support the cause of Hezbollah militants. Altering the photographs digitally for vested interests was ethically wrong. The journalists are supposed to present the real situation to the people so the people can correlate with the event and accordingly propose a course of actions. In this case, the digitally altered photographs were meant to show gruesome and grotesque footage of war torn area and people and incite Muslims for the acts of terrorism and indirectly garner support for Hezbollah militants in their war against the Israelis. Journalists are pillars of our society and they need to be ethically correct in discharging their duty to disseminate correct information to the public at large. Violation of academic trust through plagiarism, cheating, falsifying information or aiding and abetting in any of the nefarious activities are now serious offences and they are considered as totally unacceptable conduct in all areas of work, including journalism. Hence their professional honesty is crucial in promoting correct facts and interpretation on issues and topics that are socially, economically and politically relevant. The actions of the Lebanese photo-journalist will have long term implications not only for the said journalist but the whole cadre of the journalist would become the target for vested interest and may be labelled as dishonest people who cannot be trusted. As the short term repercussion, the said journalist might lose his job as well as his credibility amongst his peers. The long term implications of his actions would be reverberated in the world of journalism which boasts of extensive power to influence the critically sensitive paradigms of our time

Intolerance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Intolerance - Essay Example It is, in a sense, a human nature. This behavior is nicely captioned in the phrase â€Å"Us and Them†. Our tendency to think and feel in terms of â€Å"Us and Them† may have arisen early in human evolution, since it has adaptive consequences and universal presence. Although human beings have continually adapted to overcome adverse and potentially dangerous conditions during the course of evolution as we are not the naive servants of biology, however, we are still unmindful of the deleterious consequence of intolerance. Ideologies, alliances, and partners are built on the foundation of this structural division. The above reflections raise a wider issue about our motivations, posit a law of our psychological nature, or a necessary truth about all conceptually, or logically possible worlds. The preemptive immediate challenge is to accommodate with respect, justice, and good feeling to our diversity of national origin, ethnicity, religion, age, and gender etc., at a time wh en the world is faced with charged geo-political climate and dwindling economic resources. We can’t afford to have the luxury of any hedonistic outcomes such as tribal loyalty, jingoism, in group ‘Us’ aggrandizement, and out group, ‘Them’ disdain. It is important to understand how individuals respond to and adopt the principles of coexistence and evolve into a dynamic and vibrant society like brothers, or else will perish like fools as aptly said by, Martin Luther King, â€Å"We must live together as brothers, or perish together as fools.† The essay describes through two articles, observation and findings that demonstrate the intolerance towards a group or individual, ’us’ and ‘them’, with appropriate citation and reference. It will also explore similarity and differences with the Bennett article on transition shock. And demonstrate symptoms,  responses, stages and resolution that occur in each of the two articles. Milton J Bennett (1977, P.45-52) in ‘Transition Shock: Putting Culture Shock in Perspective proposed that cultural shock is but a variation and subset of reactions by significant change across a broad spectrum of circumstances. In a more interdependent world, survival depends more on cooperation than on competition, with the realization that countries with the highest disparity in wealth have the greatest incidence of stress, violence, and crime (Albee 2000, P.845-53). The powerful have been more impacted socially, and economically, from the consequences of intolerance; with the result have greater responsibility to exercise tolerance and justice. One does not have to look elsewhere to see the effects of oppression as in the United States itself has many of different kinds. Article1-The Stanford Prison Experiment Black men, though constitute less than 6% of the general U.S. population, they account for 48% of the state prison population (Haney & Zimbardo 1998, P. 709-22), the authors reflect on the lessons of their Stanford Prison Experiment, some 25 years after conducting it. They had put a few young, healthy people into prison like environment, after six days of the mock imprisonment the out come was shocking for the researchers as well as the general public, as within a short period, otherwise healthy, emotionally strong young

Embryo Gene Activation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Embryo Gene Activation - Essay Example Embryonic genes, which are active prior to the 4-cell stage, are small in number and they code for proteins used in controlling and stabilizing maternal mRNA and proteins. Parental proteins regulated at the post-translational glassy by adjusting the proteins phosphorylation form. Alternatively, these protein states created by the embryonic kinases can stimulate the activities of proteins and change their cell location. For embryo development, change and degradation of maternal mRNA proteins are crucial just before the embryo gene activation. This paper discusses embryo gene activation, DNA repair and the pathways involved in the processes (Lauritzen 240). During the 4-cell phase of embryo gene activation, remodeling of chromatin, which allows transcription of the embryo, and hence synthesizing the translation machinery. The genome of embryos becomes active and starts transcription of metabolic, apoptosis and cell cycle protein regulation (Khanna &Yosef 119). The proteins for maternal mRNAs continuously reduce in the early phases of the 4-cell phase. Signaling pathways for embryonic gene activation example is the hedgehog signaling. The signaling pathway that transfers information to embryonic cells helps for right development. Each part of the embryo can contain different concentrations of these signaling proteins. Not only in embryonic cell development, this kind of pathway has a bigger role in adults and malfunction can cause diseases like, basal cell carcinoma. This signaling pathway is a focus regulator in most animals’ growth (Song & Lee 48). In some other animals, lack of this pathway can lead to poor development of the brain, lungs, and the skeleton. Hedgehog signaling is crucial in regulating the maintenance and regeneration of most adult cells and tissues. Pharmaceutical companies have associated this pathway as a cause of cancer and developed drugs to cure the signaling causing diseases (Polin, William, & Steven 58). Breast cancer susceptibilit y gene 1 (BRCA1) and BRCA2 are genes which suppress tumor and the mutant phenotypes that predispose to both ovarian and breast cancers. These proteins are involved in most cellular processes and contribute DNA repair and regulation in response to the damage of DNA (Ensley 113). BRCA proteins protect the genome from damage by providing maintenance of the stability of chromosomes. The big number of cellular proteins, which interact with the BCRA, propels most functions of the BRCA proteins and their functions linked to different phosphorylation events. Reasons why these proteins cause both ovarian and breast cancer are unknown today (Knobil, Jimmy & Neill 69). These proteins are present in breast cells where they help repair the damaged DNA or destroy the cells in cases where the DNA is unrepaired body (Alpi, Pasierbek, Gartner & Loidl 16). Damaging the BRCA1 by any chance causes the damaged DNA not repaired and this may increase the chances of cancer. Most mammals have complex mechan isms to monitor damage of DNA and the required responses to maintain their integrity and repair. Some of the mechanisms for detection, repair, and cell cycle arrest to prevent damage from gametes or embryo cells (Gordon 670). The repair of the DNA in these newly formed embryos relies on the mRNA proteins from prior ovulation. These repair genes developed in the early stages of the animal development need to be enough to equip the embryo with the maternal products for the gene expression to start at the right

Intolerance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Intolerance - Essay Example It is, in a sense, a human nature. This behavior is nicely captioned in the phrase â€Å"Us and Them†. Our tendency to think and feel in terms of â€Å"Us and Them† may have arisen early in human evolution, since it has adaptive consequences and universal presence. Although human beings have continually adapted to overcome adverse and potentially dangerous conditions during the course of evolution as we are not the naive servants of biology, however, we are still unmindful of the deleterious consequence of intolerance. Ideologies, alliances, and partners are built on the foundation of this structural division. The above reflections raise a wider issue about our motivations, posit a law of our psychological nature, or a necessary truth about all conceptually, or logically possible worlds. The preemptive immediate challenge is to accommodate with respect, justice, and good feeling to our diversity of national origin, ethnicity, religion, age, and gender etc., at a time wh en the world is faced with charged geo-political climate and dwindling economic resources. We can’t afford to have the luxury of any hedonistic outcomes such as tribal loyalty, jingoism, in group ‘Us’ aggrandizement, and out group, ‘Them’ disdain. It is important to understand how individuals respond to and adopt the principles of coexistence and evolve into a dynamic and vibrant society like brothers, or else will perish like fools as aptly said by, Martin Luther King, â€Å"We must live together as brothers, or perish together as fools.† The essay describes through two articles, observation and findings that demonstrate the intolerance towards a group or individual, ’us’ and ‘them’, with appropriate citation and reference. It will also explore similarity and differences with the Bennett article on transition shock. And demonstrate symptoms,  responses, stages and resolution that occur in each of the two articles. Milton J Bennett (1977, P.45-52) in ‘Transition Shock: Putting Culture Shock in Perspective proposed that cultural shock is but a variation and subset of reactions by significant change across a broad spectrum of circumstances. In a more interdependent world, survival depends more on cooperation than on competition, with the realization that countries with the highest disparity in wealth have the greatest incidence of stress, violence, and crime (Albee 2000, P.845-53). The powerful have been more impacted socially, and economically, from the consequences of intolerance; with the result have greater responsibility to exercise tolerance and justice. One does not have to look elsewhere to see the effects of oppression as in the United States itself has many of different kinds. Article1-The Stanford Prison Experiment Black men, though constitute less than 6% of the general U.S. population, they account for 48% of the state prison population (Haney & Zimbardo 1998, P. 709-22), the authors reflect on the lessons of their Stanford Prison Experiment, some 25 years after conducting it. They had put a few young, healthy people into prison like environment, after six days of the mock imprisonment the out come was shocking for the researchers as well as the general public, as within a short period, otherwise healthy, emotionally strong young

Rethinking Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Rethinking Performance Management - Essay Example In regards to such the paper tends to analyse the performance management system in the light of motivational theories and employee and organisational productivity parameters. Introduction Performance management is defined as an ongoing process with respect to communication which is undertaken between the employees and the immediate supervisors which tends to establish a clear, shared understanding and expectation about the work that is to be performed. It is a system which included various components which are needed in the system of performance management in order to add value in the organisation, the mangers and finally the staffs (Bacal, 2011, p.4). Performance management is said to be critical and necessary component both for individual and organisation effectiveness. Performance managements is all about assessment and feedbacks and real and effective gains in performance requires committed and thoughtful process of feedbacks and evaluation. An important part in the performance m anagement is the process of PM. Personal today has stated that performance management have existed for more than 80 years. According to research done by Personnel Today has revealed that poor performance still is an important and prevailing issue in more than 96% of the organisation. This paper aims to find out the reason as to why poor performance still tends to be an important issue. In the process of measuring performance management, there are many various steps which are required to complete the performance management process. Managing performance in the organisation usually requires an understanding of the context through which the process ends to occur. However the reality is that performance management needs to start at an early stage before the employees start to work with the strategic objectives and also before acting on the core values of the company or the organisation (Cardy & Leonard, 2011, p.3). Main Findings Critical Evaluation of the Process and Core Components of a Performance Management System Performance management is termed as a process and not an event. It is necessary to improve and maintain the performance of the organisation and the individual. Without receiving feedbacks or evaluation, there exist no basis for improving and maintaining the performance. Thus in order to maximise the performance, a careful as well as committed approach is required in the process of feedback and evaluation. But an effective performance management is a tool that just not requires evaluation and feedbacks but much more than it. It involves various numbers of steps and each is crucial for the performance to be improved and maintained. Figure 1: Performance management model (Source: Tansky & Heneman, 2006, p.117) As shown in the above diagram, performance management involves diagnosis which means that the performance needs to be observed in relation with the cause for the performance and the required changes which are necessary to make. In addition to

Paraphrasing the Poem entitled “My Last Dutchess” Essay Example for Free

Paraphrasing the Poem entitled â€Å"My Last Dutchess† Essay Look into the wall so that you may see the last of my beloved woman with glee Wondering why upon looking at it comes alive for it is made intensively out of love. Everyday the painter worked expansively as he watched my woman to a pause. Asking for the painter to take a look at my girl and create a painting of her. On the painter’s face, I can see that he is mesmerized by her. I believe in the capacity of the painter – a well known artist. In my eyes I picture you so differently and other would say, If it is her true beauty and I reply, it is. So other now always looks unto her face. Not only had I told the painter that made the woman blushed. I remember after she was painted, she made a wonderful look and say â€Å"Thank you.† It is her smile – the smile that nurtures my being since then until now. But the vestige is her daughter – my daughter. I need to start all over again for it was the destiny of life. Recollecting the surroundings as what the painter created in my woman’s background, Her beauty cast me away, like an â€Å"Innsbruck in bronze† – for me. Reference Browning, R. (1842). My Last Dutchess. Retrieved 26 March 2008. http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/680/696357/student_library/pdf/browning.pdf

Housing Development And Policies In Malaysia Economics Essay

Housing Development And Policies In Malaysia Economics Essay There are many of studies that have been done to study the problems faced by middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam, Selangor. For this study the researcher is focusing more on the middle income group that have encounter difficulties in owning their own house based on several reasons that we have gathered throughout this study. This literature review is focused on understanding of Housing Development and Policies in Malaysia, Affordability issues, Housing Provision by Public and Private sectors, Housing Price, Insufficient Housing Allocations, the act of cheating to buy a house , House Location, and Insufficient Income. All these issues are particularly related with our research study, which is to identify the factor of why middle income group are having difficulties in owning their own house. 2.1 Housing Development and Policies in Malaysia. The housing policy involves a number of complex issues nowadays. Malaysia is a country that has multi-cultural society with 3 basic racial-religious groups. Therefore, the housing industry has to take into consideration all these aspect in the development of national housing and planning. The housing and residential pattern has been noticeable due to their economic activities of these 3 different ethnic groups (Tan, 2011). For example, in the past Chinese has been dominated business industry and they lives in town area. Meanwhile, Malay people were complacent with agriculture activities and living in rural areas while Indian people are doing estate work located in rubber and palm oil estate. In order to get rid of these unbalance in term of economic of these 3 ethnic group, the government has come out with one solution by introducing New Economic Policy (NEP) in year 1970 to change the stereotype. The reason why NEP was introduced to foster national unity and nation-building through the eradication of poverty, irrespective of race, and the restructuring of society to eliminate the identification of race with economic function and geographic location (EPU, 2011). Malaysian government has encouraged Malay people to migrate to urban centres as part of NEP strategy to create a new Malay commercial community in urban area (Tan, 2011). However, due to the increase rate of Malay people migrates to urban areas in 1980s, the demand for affordable housing also shows a significant demand growth. But a severe shortage in affordable housing has arisen. Generally, there are 2 alternative for the state to assist their citizen in housing provision and one of them is allocating housing specifically to households those are unable to provide themselves in the general market and another one is to intervene in the functioning of the general market in order to make it more likely to fulfil the housing needs of all households (Aziz, et,al, 2010). Thus, in the efforts to reduce housin g problem for Malaysian citizen especially those low income groups, the government has formulated housing policies and programs to ensure that all have the access to adequate housing. The main objective of housing policy in most countries was once simply to build more houses. This was response to a lack of market-driven supply on a situation of socially perceived large scale housing need (Tan,2011). A part from that, the introduction and the forming of housing policies for a country have another aims, from another scope, pointed by Ismail Omar (2000) and Harvey (1987), such as: a. To achieve the optimum used of present resources. b. To make sure the public can owned a house. c. Gives guild line on new location. d. To make sure special group of public can owned home such as elderly citizen. e. Steering the state and local authorities to provide fair housing distribution. A National Housing Policy (NHP) is needed to provide the direction and basis for the planning and development of the housing sector by all relevant ministries, departments and agencies at the federal, state and local levels as well as the private sector. Thus, according to Tan, 2011, among the early housing policy made by Malaysian government is to introduce:- First Malaysian Plan (1966-1970) and Second Malaysian Plan (1971-1975): Variety of programs designs to promote welfare of all Malaysian regardless of ethnic background by providing improved housing, community facilities, welfare and other services. Third Malaysian Plan (1976-1980): To eradicate poverty and restructure the society Fourth Malaysian Plan (1981-1985): The continuation of previous policy Fifth Malaysian Plan (1986-1990): Housing programs are being implemented in the context of human settlement concept. Here, the social facilities is emphasised rather than the provision of basic infrastructural facilities. Sixth Malaysian Plan (1991-1995): Home owning within various income group is emphasize. Seventh Malaysian Plan (1996-2000): introduction of low-medium cost housing. According to Residential Property Stock Report, the house price can be categorize into low-cost housing (below RM42,000), low-medium cost housing (RM 42,000-RM 60,000), medium cost housing (RM 60,001-Rm 100,000) and high-cost housing (RM 100,001). Eight Malaysian Plan: Priority is continue to be given to the development of low-and low-medium cost houses. Private and public sector were cooperating with each other to meet housing demand. Ninth Malaysian Plan (2006-2010): ensure low and low-medium income group will have the access to adequate, quality and affordable housing. Tenth Malaysia Plan (2011-2015): the government targeted to build 78,000 units of affordable homes throughout the country to meet the needs of the various groups, and   another 38,942 units of PPR will be built particularly the low-income groups and the resettlement of squatters. If we go back into the previous year, the governments priority is towards the low-income level group of people. Many programs and project has been launched to help them to sustain living and bring them up to from the poor state. However, no specific policies are stipulated to uphold the need and demand of middle income group. Trapped between the low cost and high cost housing, the middle income group need are not yet being uphold by the government in which they are in a situation that they can afford to buy a house but it is only provided for the low-income group but they are also in a hard situation to compete in high-cost housing According to Housing and Local Government Minister Datuk Seri Chor Chee Heung, he said that the housing needs of the middle-income group made up about 40% of the population of the people and are in need to be addressed urgently. 2.2 Housing Provision by Public and Private sectors. In Malaysia, housing development and activities are subject to approval from higher authority from the relevant state and federal authorities except for individual or group housing (Tan,2011). Land conversion, preparation for layout plan, building and infrastructure plans, planning of infrastructure and assessment on environmental impact with involvement of many government agencies, both at federal and local level are those processes that housing companies must go through before starts doing housing project for the benefit of people at large. Among those government department or agencies that requiring approval before housing project can be successfully implemented and build are Land and Mines department, the land offices, Local Authorities, the Survey department, Telekom Malaysia, Tenaga Nasional, the Water Work department and Town and Country Planning department. In addition to the research made by Tan (2011), all housing development project must follow all instruction stated in th e national housing policy that has been regulated to uphold the right and helps people to own a house such as Bumiputera quota, housing control prices, and standard build-up location for low-cost housing, and provision of public amenities for residential housing projects. The public sector plays roles in providing adequate and fulfilling the housing needs by allocating and providing public housing for lower income group and household and has been put as one of the countrys priority since the Five Years National plans and the example can be seen in the establishment of Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA), Federal land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority (FELCRA), and Johore Tenggaraa Developemtent Boar (KEJORA). A part from that, they also are responsible in providing public houses in urban areas through the establishment of various government and urban development agencies. However, by depending only on public sector, make it hard for the government to fulfil the highe r demand on housing provision for Malaysian citizen. Thus, the government need private sector to help them to provide more housing developments for the public. In order for the private company to engage in the build of housing, they must first obtain the license, sales and advertising permits from the land and Mines Department, District Land Office, Town and Country Planning Department and from local authorities and utility agencies who own the responsibility towards national water, electricity, road and telecommunication supplies. 2.3 Affordability issues. Affordability is always the main issues being highlight by most people who did not have the opportunity to buy their own house. Since housing industry is an important factor in Malaysian industry, the health of housing market is very important and directly gives impact to the affordability of household to own a house. It was argued that the word affordability is basically based on the economic factor of the household itself and the second one is based on the financing of the social rented sector (Aziz, et, al, 2010). Between these 2, the former is proven to have a strong impact by the housing policy. This rising issues regarding affordability problems in owning a house can be considered as one of the most controversial issues within developed or developing countries (Nguyen, 2005). Affordability cannot be described as simple as it seems because different people might perceived different meaning of the word itself. Several attempts also have been tried in order to understand how and w hy affordability problem are existed. These problems have been continuing year by year, it is now becoming the major concern among political leaders, town planners and the government (Hashim, 2010). Due to that rising issues, a precise measures has to be made to ensure all type of household especially those middle income group are able to enjoy and fulfilling their life-long investment and also the need for shelter. The affordability in a narrow concept can also be perceived as related to household incomes, housing cost, housing availability, employment, maintenance of the existing affordable housing stock and the pattern of new construction (Aziz, et, al, 2010). Some measures has been taken in order to give housing assistance to the needy especially to those lower income group and income below median whom were the recipient of social security payments to improve their housing affordability such as Projek Perumahan Rakyat Termiskin or PPRT. However, there were an increasing issues r ising among middle income group whom were not included under the housing assistance provided by the government. They were left alone without assistance and they have to make hard choice either to live in or stay in a house affordable with their income but way too far from their office and they have to bear higher transportation cost or living in a house near town and pay higher rent or high housing price. Therefore, as the result they have to bear with 2 kind of difficulties here that involve high housing cost or high transportation cost. These spiralling housing issues especially happens in major cities has caused the unaffordability to own a house for middle income class group. Affordability problems can be viewed as operating at different levels, ranging from narrower direct experience of severe problem of poverty and homelessness, through an intermediate level of risk, to a broader problem of access to market (Aziz, et, al, 2010). The best meaning of affordable housing would be well defined as housing that was intended to meet the need of those group of people who earned income that are not sufficient to allow them to access appropriate housing market without any assistance. A complete definition of affordability of housing for middle income group were made by DR Wan Nor Azriyati Wan Abd Aziz, et, al through their research saying that the housing with payment no greater than 33% of their gross household income. Finding an affordable house has been the current major concern especially those who live in most major cities or town in Malaysia where many of them are having difficulties are having trouble to buy a house. With new exploding centres such as new townships, commercial hubs, industrial parks and office complexes result in increased number in working population. And with that increase in population in major cities and town areas, the shortage of affordable housing is now becoming more acute. Continuous efforts also has been done to ensure that Malaysi an of all income levels will have the opportunity to have access to adequate, quality, and affordable homes, particularly for the lower income group (Ninth Plan 2020, 2006-2010). However, those who are not included in low income group are having difficulties in having one just like we discover in the Kuala lumpur Structure Plan 2020 (CHKL, 2004) that does not include low medium/ medium cost housing category in the projection of houses unit to be built by year 2020. Although we realize that government has undertaken many housing plan to help middle income household group, but, specific policies has not yet been clearly stated. Only a little assistance and focus is done to attend the needs of middle income group. That is why those group were still facing their hard times searching for a house that suit with their household income here in Malaysia. 2.4 Housing Prices The housing price at several states in Malaysia has experienced a major expansion for the past seventeen year. According to Hashim (2010), the house pricing that keep on continuing to increase year by year are influenced by location, nations income, cost of capital, stock prices and also the population change. As we grow in the era of globalization, the world has been changing so fast. As the population are increasing, the demand for an affordable price also increased. Since housing is the most basic necessity for people, its increase in price however, would directly give impacts towards the affordability of the nation at large especially in Malaysia nowadays which are in need of more suitable and affordable housing. Increasing housing price for the past few years are making it hard for them to own a house suitable with their household income. Generally, housing price is influenced by region given the geographic size and location of the state in Malaysia. Due to the differences in be tween each states economic disparity, the house price and household income will extremely influenced the level of housing affordability. Aside from that, the need for affordable homes has increased significantly due to Selangors rising population density, which is the highest in Malaysia. The states population growth rate of 3.17% surpasses the national average of 2.17%. It has 5,411,324 of residents. If immigrants were added into account, their population might be almost seven million. This has become a challenge for the state to provide for the peoples needs due to the vast expansion of population, including housing, as they estimated about 1.8 million houses are needed to meet the needs of the people as they approach 2020. According to Hashim (2010), Selangor which indicates among the most developed state in Malaysia have a high housing price as compared to other less developed states like Kelantan. According to him, at the national level, Selangor house price on average is 35% t o 53% higher in between 1995 to 2006. Based on the study made in Selangor, the 480-sqaure feet studio apartment located in the outskirt of town which was located in Seri Kembangan, cost more than RM 230,000 excluding other maintenance charges. This huge hike in price, even though only just a small house has affected local people, especially the middle income household which made up the majority of the population. With the huge cost of housing, many of the low and middle income are forced to purchase their house out-of-town since they are not afford to pay high price in the urban area. As a result, they have to bear other problems which they have to spend more on transportation such as fuel or public transportation cost because it was quite far from their workplace. The reason why the price are keep on increasing is because there is no limitation made by the government to control the housing price since they are only have the power to decide which location for them to build houses. T he housing price is on the responsibility of the developer itself but depending on land price at that time. However, according to State Executive Councillor, Mr Iskandar Samad, they have trying to control the location where the developer wants to build affordable houses for the middle income group. This is how the state government trying to fight back for the particular income group because without the assistance, middle income group will never afford to compete and purchase in buying their own affordable house. 2.5 Insufficient Housing Allocations Housing is one of the basic necessities as shelter for human and the government is enthusiastic in ensuring the public would have a better access towards a better and affordable housing provision. Generally, houses supplied by the private sector have been sufficient for the high-income group. However, the house allocations for the needy group of middle income are still insufficient to meet the high demand of the ever growing population. The insufficient in allocation for this particular group would be caused by 2 factors, which are the issue of land provision by government and the refusal for the developer to build affordable house in the centre of the city (Free Malaysia Today, 2011). The government has all time, put the highest priority to give benefits to the public in which to build in mixed development, rather than building affordable house for them in the outskirts of town. However, with the inadequate land allocated for the housing to build by the developer, the need to build more houses for the middle income cannot be made into reality. There is not enough land left to build affordable house in the cities. This is because, according to the building laws, the  state only has the powers to compel a developer  to build low-cost and medium-cost housing if the  plot of land earmarked for development measures  10 acres or more (Free Malaysia Today, 2011). According to the law, developers will have to  allocate 20 % for low cost housing, another  20 % for low to medium, 10 % for  medium housing and the other 50 % for  others. However, affordable housing is still being built outside town due to the inadequate and unavailability of land bigger than 10 acres there. According to Jabatan Perumahan Negara (2011), with five acres of land in the city, building low  or medium-cost housing would mean a loss for  developers and in turn purchasers will suffer because  contractors will be told to use substandard  materials to cut costs. If they were to follow what the government suggest, which is by selling house at a lower and affordable rate but with high cost in constructing it, developers will end up making losses and stop building house in the cities. With this major issue, the state also worried that developer might end up using cheaper materials and probably hiring unskilful worker to prevent them from making losses. Thus, the housing construction does not meeting the accurate requirement made by the government and public would be suffered from buying a house with no quality and they would have to buy or lease house far from their workplace. Thus, these insufficient allocations of affordable housing for middle income household in the cities can be considered as a major issues nowadays and have to be solved by government to uphold and to assist this group to have better access to a spacious, comfortable, yet affordable housing according to their income level. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD 3.0 Introduction In this part of research method, it consist of a report that explains all the procedures followed in the process of gathering data necessary for the analysis to meet our research objectives. Besides that, research method also tells the researcher how the study was carried out and also determines the outcomes of the study. 3.1 Research Design. Our study was gather information that done to examine the problem faced by the middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam. The best approach to gather data directly for this study is by selecting randomly people especially the household lives in the busy city of Shah Alam. In this research, the questionnaires have been used in gathering the data related. We have decided to distribute the questionnaires to our respondents personally in our research since it helps and enable us to get more reliable and accurate information. The purpose of this study is hypothesis testing. We want determine what is the reason or problem of difficulty faced by middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam. Other than that, we also use and add-on secondary data in our research to make it more complete in order to gather information such as journal, internet source and newspaper article. 3.2 Unit of Analysis As this study wanted to identify the reason or problem of difficulty faced by middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam, thus, Unit of analysis refers to the respondent of this study. In the research, the unit of analysis consists of those people lives in Shah Alam and among working people. In our research area, we will aim for target respondents at Shah Alam especially in Seksyen 2 and 7. 3.3 Sample Size Sample size is defined as the number of elements to be included in the study (Malhotra, 1999). In determining the sample size for our study, we have calculated the number of observation by referring to table formulated by Sudman (1970). Given the whole population, the suggested sample size was approximately 150. However the actual sample that was collected ended up with amounted to only 100 usable responses. Thus, the sample size of our research study is 100 amounted to persons. The reason why we did this by choosing only 100 respondents is because the end result will be more accurate, easy to monitor and to make it easier for researcher to do their job. In this research, we distributed 100 questionnaires to the household in Shah Alam area randomly especially in Seksyen 2 and Seksyen 7. These 100 respondents had represented the household to answer the question from the researcher. We, as the researcher are going to distribute the questionnaires at the area of our target group which i s in Shah Alam. 3.4 Sampling Techniques. Sampling refers to the process of selecting a sufficient number of elements from the population. Therefore, a study of the sample and understanding of its properties of characteristics is done and would make it possible for researchers to generalize such characteristics to the population elements (Sekaran, 2004). Then, after we successfully get to identify the target population, the appropriate sampling will be selected. The sampling technique that we, as the researchers will use in this research is called convenience sampling technique. Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher. Convenience sampling was used when true random sampling is essential. This is where the researcher approach and ask questions to anyone who is available. This method is quick and cheap. The convenience sampling is also known as unrestricted probability sampling which refers to anyone and equal chance of being selected as a subject. We have already decided to distribute 100 questionnaires to the household lives in Shah Alam especially those who lives in Seksyen 2 and Seksyen 7. In the forms of research, it would be ideal to test the entire population, but in this case, the population is too large to include every individual. This is the reason why we rely on sampling technique like convenience sampling, the most common of all technique. 3.5 Measurement / Instrumentation The research instrument that was used in this study for the primary data is done by using questionnaire. The questionnaire was written in both languages which are English and Bahasa Malaysia and was used in order to get the related data regarding the problem faced by middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam. The questionnaire has been given to the selected respondent and they answered the questionnaire personally. The questions were divided into five sections which are Section A: Respondent Profile, Section B: categorization of middle income group, Section C: household preferences, Section D: existing house, Section E: problem of difficulty to own a house, and the last section is Section F: affordability issues. The rationale in designing these questions was to explore views and perceptions of middle income group households towards current affordability and to determine the accessibility of the group to affordable housing. Table 3.1: Measurement / Instrumentation No Objectives Concepts/construct Measurement 1 To determine the significance relationship between house price and household affordability. Employee performance is the job related activities expected of a worker and how well those activities were executed (businessdictionary, 2012). Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 2 To determine the significance relationship between housing allocation and household affordability. Counter layout is an arrangement or a plan, especially the schematic arrangement of parts or areas. (fredictionary, 2012). Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 3 To determine the significance relationship between attitude of household buyer and household affordability. Services quality can be defined as the consumers judgment about an entitys overall excellent or superiority (Zeithaml, 1987, Garvin, 1983 Hjorth Anderson, 1994) define services quality as a form of attitude, related but not equivalent to satisfaction, and results from a comparison of expectations with perceptions of performance. Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 4. To determine the significance relationship between house location buyer and household affordability. Services quality can be defined as the consumers judgment about an entitys overall excellent or superiority (Zeithaml, 1987, Garvin, 1983 Hjorth Anderson, 1994) define services quality as a form of attitude, related but not equivalent to satisfaction, and results from a comparison of expectations with perceptions of performance. Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 5. To determine the significance relationship between household income and household affordability. Services quality can be defined as the consumers judgment about an entitys overall excellent or superiority (Zeithaml, 1987, Garvin, 1983 Hjorth Anderson, 1994) define services quality as a form of attitude, related but not equivalent to satisfaction, and results from a comparison of expectations with perceptions of performance. Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 6. To determine the most significant problems that contributes to the level of household affordability towards household lives in Shah Alam. Customer satisfaction can be defined as a state of mind in which the customers needs, wants, and expectations throughout the product of service life haven been met or exceeded, resulting in future repurchase and loyalty (Anton, 1996). Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 3.6 Data Collection In this study, there are numerous and varieties source of data that can help in gathering suitable information. Some of these methods depend on the methodology and the theoretical assumptions used inthe research. There a trend for researcher to collect hard objective numbers for example primary data and secondary data. 3.6.1 Primary Data Primary data are data gathered and assembled specially for the research project hand. Usually primary data was collected by the researcher. The method that will be used under primary data is questionnare. This data is collected when secondary data is not sufficient and depends largely on the research objectives and varies from one problem to another. For this study, the primary data will be obtained through qustionnaires given to the target respondents. A questionnaire will distribute to the respondents such as the household lives in Shah Alam, Selangor. After they have answered the entire question, it will be collected and the data will go through several process. The data that have been collected will be sorted, coded, entry, testing, presenting and lastly the data will be analyzed. The data for this survey can be use as information in making research. A part from that, we also will be doing direct interview with the person related and have a major knowledge in the housing arena to get more reliable knowledge regarding affordability of housing in Shah Alam. 3.6.2 Secondary Data Secondary data or historical data are data previously collected and assembled for some project other than one at hand. Its gathered and recorded by someone else prior to the current needs of the researcher. Its quickly and cheaply. The method that we used under secondary data was article and journal. The information that gathered from these resources which can be online searching such as Official website of Kementerian Perumahan Kerajaan Tempatan, New Straits Times, The Malay Mail, Berita Harian, Utusan Malaysia and so on. It helps the reserachers to get information and data while doing this study. Another type is from online searching through internet that will provide a lots of information from journals, annual reports, thesis, previous reseacrh and etc. It is more economical and simple for the researcher to conduct her research. 3.7 Data analysis For this study, we used Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 16.0 version software to analyze data. SPSS is a computer program used for statistical analysis. Most of the researcher use SPSS software as a tool to analyze the data. In this research report, the researcher transform the raw data that we obtained from the questionaire into SPSS. Then, the researcher proceed to discuss the result of the analysis and interpretation. For this study, methods used are reliability analysis, descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Reli

Speech on Legalization of Marijuana in Brazil -- Illegal Drugs Legal

Speech on Legalization of Marijuana in Brazil Good morning class mates. Today I am going to discuss the legalization of marijuana in Brazil. I strongly believe marijuana should be legalized. I am not here to encourage anyone to use or not use marijuana. Yet I do believe that many current problems may and can be solved by its legalization. Marijuana is the most popular drug in Brazil after tobacco and alcohol. Discrimination is the reason why marijuana has still not been legalized. It is already proved by famous scientists that marijuana is not addictive and no one ever died only because of marijuana, yet tobacco is addictive and causes more than five million deaths per year. But due to discrimination tobacco is accepted and marijuana is not. Marijuana, if legalized, could be used as a source for medicines and other beneficial substances. Indeed in countries like England marijuana has been legalized for medical purposes, it is used as a sedative. The results are very pleasing. †Hemp†- the plant that marijuana originates from has lots of other uses. Very efficient medicines can be made from this plant. Moreover it is very cost efficient to be used to produce other by products such as shirts, trousers, coats, cosmetics, paper among others. As we can see, legalization could even help a lot the Brazilian economy. Everyone is conscious that marijuana, even not being legal, is used and produced everywhere. It has become a permanent part of contemporary society. Do people really think that the use of marijuana is going to stop because it is illegal? If it was legalized, even the government could benefit by making marijuana ... ...of drugs, educated by families and schools, not with statements such as â€Å" don’t do drugs† or â€Å"drugs are bad for you† because these are very inefficient. I think campaigns should be done by giving options and showing both sides like â€Å"drugs are easy to reach, and they can cause immense pleasure but there are prices to pay such as overdose, suicide, depressions and even death, there are some people that handle this and don’t suffer these causes, but some do suffer a lot, the choice is all yours†. As you can see, there are many relevant points to support the legalization of marijuana. Violence, economy, conflicts, abuse and many other problems would be solved and improve. The lives of all Brazilians would be less worrying and more pleasurable. My last question, if all of this could get better, why not legalize marijuana?

Mosfet

Jovany Tavera August 7, 2011 ET 475 Electronic Design William Shockley proposed the Field Effect Transistor (FET) in 1952. FETs are majority carrier devices and its operation depends on its applied voltage to control the majority carriers. The applied voltage controls the current in the device by means of an electric field. FETs are voltage sensitive with high input impedance. FETs are more temperature stable then Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT). They are easier to fabricate than BJTs. FETs, with their high input impedance, can store charge long enough to be used as storage elements. A later version of FETs is the metal-oxide semiconductor FET (MOSFET). There are four terminals in total: source, gate, drain and the substrate. The MOSFET is constructed with the gate insulated with a silicon dioxide dielectric. Depletion and enhancement is the two modes on the MOSFET. MOSFETs are also known as IGFETs (Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor). Just as BJTs has either npn or pnp, MOSFETs can be either NMOS or PMOS. The depletion mode was design with a physical channel connected between the drain and source. In operation, a negative gate-to-source voltage pushes out electrons from the channel region, therefore depleting the channel. When the gate-to-source voltage reaches the threshold voltage the channel is pinched off. A positive charge of the gate-to-source voltages increases the channel size, as a result, an increase of drain current. Due to the insulated gate, the gate current is extremely small. Enhancement MOSFET is different from depletion MOSFET due to not having the thin n-layer. In order to establish a channel it requires a positive voltage between the gate and the source. Positive gate-to-source voltage accumulates electrons at the surface beneath the oxide layer. When the voltage reaches the threshold voltage a number of electrons are attracted to the substrate region therefore acting as an conducting n-channel. No current exist in the drain until gate-to-source voltage exceeds the threshold voltage.

Investing and Financing Activities of Wendy’s

During the year of 2012, cash used for investing activities of Wendy’s totaled $189 million, increased $131 million from 2011. The two largest investing activities appeared in Wendy’s statement of cash flow are capital expenditures and acquisitions. Cash capital expenditures of Wendy’s in 2012 totaling $197. 6 million, including $71. 9 million for reimaged and new Image Activation restaurants, $13. 5 million for new restaurants, $28. 0 million for point-of-sale equipment, $23. 2 million for the construction of a new building at its corporate headquarters and $61. million for various capital projects. In the middle of 2012, Wendy’s acquired 54 franchised restaurants. The purchase price was $38. 1 million in cash. Wendy’s also agreed to lease the real estate, buildings and improvements related to some of the acquired restaurants which were considered part of the purchase transaction. Wendy’s did not incur any material acquisition-related costs. Some other important investing activities involved the investment in limited partnerships of indirect 18. 5% interest in Arby’s Restaurant Group, Inc. and approximately 11% cost method investment in Jurlique International Pty Ltd. On February 2, 2012, Wendy’s completed the sale of its investment in Jurlique and received proceeds of $27. 4 million. Wendy’s did this because prior to 2009, Wendy’s had determined that all of its remaining $8. 5 million investment in Jurlique was impaired. Wendy’s realized that Jurlique cannot help them make profit and decided to sell all of investment in Jurlique to protect stockholders equity. In the meantime, Wendy’s can use this money to strength their capital expenditures.The increase in cash used for investing activities is mainly because of the sale of Arby’s in 2011. Wendy’s sold Arby’s for $130. 0 million in cash and indirectly retained an 18. 5% interest in Arby’s and during 2012, Wendy’s received a $4. 6 million dividend from the investment in Arby’s. Wendy’s decided to sell Arby’s because Arby’s has been a weaker performer than Wendy’s in recent years after Wendy’s and Arby’s were merged in 2008. We deem it wise to sell Aryb’s because Wendy’s no longer need to worry about the poor performance of Arby’s but can earn the dividend.On the other hand, cash used for investing activities of McDonald’s totaled $3. 2 billion in 2012, increased $596 million. The increase primarily reflected higher capital expenditures and lower proceeds from sales of restaurant businesses. During the year of 2012, the two largest investing activities appeared in the statement of cash flow of McDonald’s are capital expenditures and sales of restaurant business and property. The two most important financing activities for Wendy’s are the proceeds from long-term debt and the repaymen ts of long-term debt.On May 15, 2012, Wendy’s entered into a Credit Agreement including a senior secured term loan facility of $1,125. 0 million, of which net proceeds was $1,113. 8 million with draws on May 15, 2012 and July 16, 2012. Proceeds from the 2012 Term Loan were used to repay the outstanding amounts under the 2010 Term Loan of $467. 8 million, to redeem and purchase the outstanding Senior Notes of $565. 0 million and to pay substantially all of the Credit Agreement fees and expenses. The outflow of 2012 Term Loan constituted the second largest financing activity, the repayments of long-term debt.In these two activities, we can find out that Wendy uses almost 85% of the 2012 loan to reimburse its previous debt, which shows us that the company does not have enough debt-paying ability. A good company who has the ability to make profit to repay previous debt and make another investing is what all stockholders want to see, not using new loan to redeem old loan. In concl usion, we do not agree Wendy’s using these financing activities. They should improve their operation activities to increase profit.

Describe How to Minimize the Risk of Infection to Self and Others Essay

Working Together sets out how organisations and individuals should work together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and young people in accordance with the Children Act 1989 and the Children Act 2004. Part 1 of the document is issued as statutory guidance. Practitioners and agencies will have different responsibilities under different areas of the guidance and should consult the preface for a fuller explanation of their statutory duties. CHANGE TO STATUTORY GUIDANCE: On 10 June, Tim Loughton MP, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Children and Families announced a change to the statutory guidance set out in Chapter 8 of this document relating to Serious Case Reviews (SCRs). Local Safeguarding Boards should publish overview reports of all new SCRs initiated on or after 10 June 2010, together with the executive summary; neither document should contain identifying details. A letter to local authorities and their Board partners on Local Safeguarding Children Boards has been issued and provides guidance under section 16(2) of the Children Act 2004. This letter should be read in conjunction with Chapter 8. Working Together is addressed to practitioners and front line managers who have particular responsibilities for safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and to senior and operational managers. Part 2 of the document is issued as non-statutory practice guidance. Includes: * Introduction: working together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and families * Roles and responsibilities * Local Safeguarding Children Boards * Training, development and supervision for inter-agency working * Managing individual cases where there are concerns about a child’s safety and welfare * Supplementary guidance on safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children * Child death review processes * Serious case reviews * Lessons from research

Leadership in Infromation Technology Research Paper

Leadership in Infromation Technology - Research Paper Example However, little population ranks self-knowledge as most critical. Using means, the rank order of knowledge domains is as follows: Business environments (1.5) Technology (2.14) Self and human resources (2.57 and 2.57) Finance (3.86) Much of the literature available addresses leadership at a strategic level. Clearly the most critical role of effective IT leaders is perceived to be the communicator role, followed by facilitator, guide, partner, and collaborator. Informal management styles seem to be preferred in technology intense organizations. (Lewis, S. & Lewis, 2005) The roles of tactician, technical guru, and human resources leader receives middle rankings while commander, servant, dictator, king or queen receive the lowest ranking for effective IT leaders. Congruent with this ranking of roles for effective IT leaders, team building is considered the most important function, followed by management, then creating. Leadership in Information Technology in Private Industry When the inf ormation technological skills of leadership are combined with an ability to use software to solve IT problems as in Acorn Computer City, New York, leaders of the organization are better equipped to move among the various agencies comprising our society. It was assessed whether leaders of IT firm can be trained, what characteristics are important for IT leaders of the organization, and what is the best environment to encourage IT leadership. While strategic leadership is possible at all levels within the organization, there is a need for work on leadership at the project leader/project manager level. As Sear (2008) pointed out, IT leaders have a difficult time making the transition from skilled technical work to project leader. Not only are they better able to use software to manage their... The concept of communication with a physician via e-mail is not really a future capability; it is available now and used to a very limited extent. What stands in the way of its widespread use is not the absence of cutting-edge communication technology, but rather a broken payment system. Physicians are paid relatively well for procedures, relatively poorly for office visits, and not at all for telephone or e-mail advice. Increasing the bandwidth for patients without fixing reimbursement is more likely to lead to a future state where frustrated patients complain, "My doctor doesn't return my phone calls or answer my e-mail." One of the more contentious but critically important issues today is the so-called misalignment of the costs and benefits of health IT. Essentially, the argument is that under our current fragmented healthcare system, physicians and hospitals pay for IT, and most of the benefit flows to payers. The Center for Information Technology Leadership modeled the cost and benefit of an ambulatory computerized physician order entry system, and concluded that 89 percent of the benefit accrued to payers, with only 11 percent flowing to providers (Johnston et al. 2003). Nelson references the landmark Wang study, which looked at system benefits of an advanced EHR in an office practice. Wang concluded that primarily by reducing pharmacy expenditures and avoiding redundant testing, payers would save about $86,000 per physician over five years-thus making the first real economic argument for payers funding EHRs for physicians.

Business Strategy Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Strategy Analysis - Essay Example Grand Canyon University has a wide range of product offerings including bachelors, masters, and doctoral programs totaling over 100 in business, education, liberal arts, nursing and health, recreation and sports, among other areas of fast growing careers. Certifications and other credits are also offered at the university. Evening, fulltime, part-time, and online are some of the flexibilities allowed in the programs offered at GCU. GCU mission statement reads, â€Å"Grand Canyon University prepares learners to become global citizens, critical thinkers, effective communicators, and responsible leaders by providing an academically challenging, values-based curriculum from the context of our Christian heritage† (GCU, 2014). In 2013, GCU had net revenue of $598,335 and a net income of $ 88,711 with the earnings per common share $ 1.98 and $ 1.92 for basic and diluted shares showing a good financial performance for a higher education providing institution. Global operations are in form of the enrolment of students from beyond United States either physically in the Phoenix main campus and other campuses or through the online learning system at the University. A SWOT analysis of GCU shows that the strengths of GCU include offering a faith based product, the university has strong online presence that spans a large demographic, maintenance of regional accreditation, and a high profit margin that cushions the university at hard times as demonstrated by the 2008 recession (Grand Canyon University,  2014). However, GCU has some weaknesses including an inability to provide excellent customer service through all university levels especially on online classrooms. Other weaknesses include poor education at financial literacy by the staff leading to loss of grants by students. The opportunities available to the university include increasing

Introduction to Computer Networks TCPIP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to Computer Networks TCPIP - Essay Example If IP works so well, why a need is felt to change The primary motivation for change arises from the limited address space. When IP was defined, only a few compute networks existed. The designers decided to use 32 bits for an IP address because doing so allowed the Internet to include over a million networks. However, with a rapid exponential growth in the global Internet, the primary motivation for defining a new version of IP arose from the address space limitation, as larger addresses are necessary to accommodate continued growth of the Internet. Besides addressing, the most common problems faced by the TCP/IP were routing and connectivity issues. Secondary motivations for changes in IP have risen from new Internet applications. For example, applications that deliver audio and video need to deliver data at regular intervals. To keep such information flowing through the Internet without disruption, IP must avoid changing routes frequently. Although the current IP datagram header includes a field that can be used to request a type of service, the protocol did not define a type of service that can be used for real-time delivery of audio and video. New applications are being developed that require more complex addressing and routing capabilities. Thus, a new version of IP needs to include mechanisms that make addressing and routing possible. (Douglas) The current version of IP, which possesses the main drawback of address space, routing and connectivity, is version 4 so it is referred to as Ipv4. Ipv6 is the official name of IPng (Internet Protocol next generation) Features of Ipv4 and Ipv6 1. Connectionless - each datagram contains a destination address, and each datagram is routed independently. 2. The header in a datagram contains a maximum number of hops the datagram can take before being discarded. 3. Ipv4 places key information in fixed fields of the header and only appends variable-length options for less important information while Ipv6 header is always of variable size. (Douglas) Reasons for changing Ipv4 to Ipv6 Larger and better Network management of Address Space: The most considerable reason for the decision of changing from Ipv4 to Ipv6 is the smooth management of the IPv6 network. As the answer to the lack of address space, IPv6 holds a potential for a network the size of which has never been seen before. The manner in which the network is managed will to a great extent determine whether this huge network will function. The main objectives, which are visualized in network management, would be: 1. Display the distinct hierarchy embedded in the IPv6 address architecture, 2. Show topographical data simultaneously to the hierarchy, 3. Make peripheral data easily available, and 4. In doing so, aid in the process of network management. Ipv6 research and ideology basically revolves around network management. This is because most of the problems in IPv4, which IPv6 is created to

The Stress Level and Academic Performances for Chinese Overseas Research Paper

The Stress Level and Academic Performances for Chinese Overseas Students in Australia - Research Paper Example Using questionnaires and interview as research instruments, the researcher gathered data from Chinese postgraduate students from different kinds of field in University of Western Sydney. Using the questionnaire, the researcher collected data in areas such as the age of participant, gender of participant, the courses studied by participants, extra activities undertaken by participants such as part-time work, how participants spent their leisure among other things. Results obtained from students go a long way to show that most of the students go through stressful activities during the day even aside their studies. Combining studies with such activities therefore worsen their stress level. In the long run, it was revealed students with very high levels of stressful activities performed poorly compared to those who went through normal routines of the day. Introduction Learning is an act that demands so much mental attention and concentration. To this effect, it is almost a requirement th at before learning can take place, the mind (brain) must be in a state of alertness to receive the volumes of new ideas that is being added to it. Sadly though, most students who are the anchor of learning find themselves deprived of the state of alertness that is being discussed here. Such students lose their mental alertness to stress. Quoting Selye (1974 p. 27), Murff (2006) states that stress is a "nonspecific response of the body to any demands made upon it". This means that stress is a reaction that the body (and more specifically brain) gives towards any act of pressure that is placed on it. Koduah (2008) explains that the pressure that demands the body to respond is often found on the brain. To this effect, stress can be said to be a mental state of tiredness and this tiredness arises because there is so much pressure on the brain. Literally, one would be tempted to think that the only time that the brain is made to work is the time that the brain is being used to think and so it tiredness of the brain results only out of excessive thinking. This assumption is not correct. Rather, the brain is responsible for carrying out 80% of all activities that any part of the body undertakes (Kanner, 1981). This means that apart from activities that demand thinking, in undertaking activities with other parts of our body, it is actually the brain that we are using most. As elucidated by Garret (2001), stress is no respecter of person. Once so much pressure is put on the body, the mind gets tired and stress will sets in. Students have been identified to be one of the worse sufferers of stress (Murff, 2006). This is because apart from the fact that learning itself demands so much mental alertness and puts so much pressure on the brain, students are faced other activities and processes such as adjusting to university life and routines (Ross, Neibling and Heckert, 1999). Some of these activities and processes demand that students make new friends, have regular inter-pe rsonal relationships, work within fixed and at times