Reading report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reading report - Essay ExampleIt is classic to understand that valet de chambre beings are responsible for building and assembling of computing apparatuss. For this reason, it is important to distinguish between a strong unreal wisdom and a weak intelligence. One of such critics is John Searle who describes strong artificial intelligence with regard to the computer is that it is able to formulate and runnel hypothesis in a oft rigorous and precise fashion with very minimal errors. However, Searle points out that the basis of the strength and precision of computer is non the brain but the programs, which have been installed in the computer. This means that computers have cognitive states, which are much stronger and accurate compared to that of a human being. A Turing test is the ability of the computer or a machine to give and express intelligent behavior, which is almost equivalent and is indistinguishable from human beings. Allan Turing who aimed at determining if compute rs female genital organ see developed this concept in 1950 (John R. Searle 54). In his test, he was not refereeing to the ability of the machines fling the right answers to the question but how the answers are closely linked to human response. The test therefore did not consider audio receptions but relied on text only channels. The test relies on artificial intelligence since it involves machines in testing if the computer is able to give accurate and precise answers. As expected Allan Turing test did not go without criticism. From a philosophical point of view Descartes agrees with the Turing test on the basis of automation but he was quick to denounce the test on the basis that it human beings can think and give answers and that machines can give the right answers and cannot think. It therefore means that even though machines can hear information and give the right answers that do not qualify them to be superior to human on the basis of thinking. In addition to this, Searle d isagrees with the Turing test on the subject that even though computers can serve to different languages and give the correct answers, they only provided the right answers but without rationality and this is what distinguishes artificial intelligence with human intelligence. A human being can only respond to a language if he/she has an understanding of the language. However, machines can do this better with the help of coded programs does not mean that the computer understands the language. To support his concept, Searle performed a Chinese room test where an English native speaker man is placed in room and shown Chinese symbols. The man fails to understand the Chinese symbol and language through writings since he is not a Chinese speaker. In the second test, the same man is given the same symbols but this time with interpret English codes, which gives the meaning of the words and the man, begins to relate the English words with the Chinese symbols. Searle calls this the question and answer technique. If a Chinese native speaker is taken through the same test, similar results provide be produced and it will be difficult to distinguish between answers from the English and Chinese speakers. We therefore conclude that the English native speaker has been able to answer Chinese questions even though he does not understand them. This does not make the human being intelligent since he has been able to answer questions that he does not understand. It is the coding of the English and C

The concept of entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The image of entrepreneurship - Essay ExampleThe intention of this study is the concept of entrepreneurship as the process of searching the environment to put business opportunities for improvement, to mobilise resources and implement actions to maximise these opportunities. Thus, the kind of business venture normally involves an element of risk for which a profit reward is usually sought. Entrepreneurship also encompasses aspects such as the introduction of upstart goods or improving the new matchlesss, developing the new methods of production, opening new markets as substantially as creating new forms of business organisation. As such, it can be observed that this is not an easy feat to achieve effrontery that there are certain characteristics and traits necessary to start, manage and develop an entrepreneurial enterprise. Some of these traits required for double-dyed(a) up business are discussed below. The entrepreneur is always looking for business opportunities because he has the courage to compact the risk to start a business. Whilst other raft would like to believe that entrepreneurs are born with superfluous characteristics, it would be more accurate to say that entrepreneurship is learnt behaviour. The longer one continues to scout for business opportunities the more one notices profitable business opportunities. Thus, a prospective entrepreneur must always analyse himself and determine worn down and strong points that characterise his personality. It can be observed that entrepreneurs possess particular characteristics that set them apart from people are not intent on starting an enterprise of their own. (Burke, 2007). Each entrepreneur has got a whimsical combination of characteristics and traits at his disposal for achieving victor. 2.1.1 Philosophy of life The entrepreneur often tries things where the majority of people pass on back off (Gundill, 2006). Entrepreneurs are self starting and they are always looking for opportunities to w hich others have not even dreamed of and one notable aspect about these people is that they are enterprising and they woo all things positively. Through innovation and creativity, an entrepreneur is able to identify an opportunity in the market and looks at both the positive as well as negative aspects that are related to that opportunity. The key success factor of the entrepreneurs in this particular case is that they always look at positive aspects of a accustomed spot then look at the challenges later. This enables them to be better positioned to take the risk and approach the situation with caution fully knowing the measures that can be implemented in order to overcome the challenges or any other negative aspect that can impact on the business venture. It can be observed that every big business starts off as a small business and a good example can be drawn from the cases of McDonalds hamburger, Apple computer as well as Ford car (Steinhoff & Burgess 19934). McDonald

Ir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ir - sample ExampleMr Johnson has admitted that the concourse use up a just point when they complain.The claim that the rebels represent Islam, but Muslim theologians say they do not follow the teachings of Islam. An Islamic theological institute, Al-Azhar in Egypt, has strongly denounced the abductions, saying it on the whole contradicts the teachings of Islam and its tolerant principles.President Johnson has admitted the country is struggling, but his wife has told the group they are just playing games. The distinguish states that the government is corrupt. Boko Haran only has a few hundred men, yet the Nigerian army seem powerless.The kidnappings hurl taken place just before the World Economic Forum on Africa, with 6,000 troops deployed for security, so this is an embarrassment for the president. The delegates may be kept secure, but the army cannot protect its own vulnerable people safe, so how can it hope to attract investment.This is written from a truly personal viewpoi nt of the It could have been me as the reporter had travelled as a student on the very same take route to that where tragedy recently struck. He describes how there was no thought of possible danger and that the send off was just a giant playground for the school children.The incident is described as a preventable accident, and from this the writer sees lessons which can be learnt. The ship was very overloaded and the cargo was not properly secured so it moved about, affecting the stability of the ship. The captain had left the ship in the charge of a very inexperienced mate, and this resulted in only two life boats being used and many lives lost. He describes the delirium of the Korean public that the captain was among the first to leave the ship.This isnt the only image of Korea he insists, and gives the good example of a Korean crash in San Francisco where stewardesses carried injured passengers to safety. The difference

Historty argumentativ paper -see details in intruc Essay - 1

Historty argumentativ paper -see details in intruc - Essay ExampleThe feminist movement had the greatest impact on American history because it fully brought to light the importance and fairness of gender equality in all aspects of the human life.Prior to the earliest 1900s, women were regarded as property of their husbands than as individual human beings. Anything that needed to be tended to in the social community or in the political community would be a task for the husband. If a woman were non married, she simply would not play a role in the goings-on, such as voting. Being considered at a lower place men, it was believed that women had no reason to vote. While most people were happy with this arrangement, or at least employ to it, there were m either women who could not wrap their minds around the blatant inequality, so protests began that fought for suffrage.The protests were not centered so much around the fact that women wanted to do what the men were able to do. Rather, these women were more concerned by the idea that they were being thought of as lesser human beings than men, and it was all because of their gender. America, a country that prided itself on the freedoms and opportunities that it offered, was holding back an entire gender and insisting that women were inferior to men and did not deserve the alike(p) privileges. The primary reason that women were ever given as to why they could not vote was because politics was considered to be a predominantly masculine business. As such, women had no place in voting, running for office, or having any say in politics.The feminist movement consisted of women who did not believe that the rights and privileges of citizens should be gender-oriented, and they used that belief to run for something that they felt they honestly deserved. The feminist movement gave women the right to vote, a privilege of being American citizens that they deserved. This triumph was not simply just changing the minds of thos e in charge, but it was a success that included do it an amendment of the United States

Indonesia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Indonesia - Term Paper ExampleIn addition, the Gross National savings of Indonesia as estimated in the year 2014 stands at 30.2% of GDP. Relevant to consumption of GDP, household and government consumption stands at 56.2 % and 9 % respectively. Investment in fixed capital and exports of goods and services take 33.6% and 23.5 % of GDP respectively. Moreover, the agricultural, industrial and service sectors title of respect 14.2 %, 45.5% and 40.3% of the GDP (Central Intelligence Agency, 2015). The labor force of Indonesia stands at 124.3 million fit in to the recent records. The industrial exertion growth step is 4.9 %. The macrocosm below poverty line stands at 11.7 %. The unemployment rate is at 5.7 % according to the latest statistics and the Gini index stands at 36.8 as recorded in 2009. According to the budget of Indonesia, the revenues and expenditures stand at $134.7 billion and $155.2 billion respectively (Central Intelligence Agency, 2015). Taxes and other revenues accou nt for 15.7% and the public debt stands at 23.9% of the GDP. The inflation rate was estimated at 6.3% in the year 2014. The prime lending rate of the commercial bank was estimated at 12.4 % in December 2014. According to the recent records, the imports and exports of Indonesia stand at $166.7 billion and $ 179.4 billion respectively.The major indicators of social base in Indonesia may comprise of the life expectancy, infant mortality as well as literacy levels among others. In Indonesia, the population growth rate is estimated at 0.95 % according to the 2014 statistics. The birth rate was estimated at 17.04 births per chiliad population in 2014. Death rate was estimated at 6.34 deaths per 1000 population. The infant mortality rate stands at 25.16 deaths per 1000 and the maternal mortality rate was estimated at 220 deaths per 1000 live births. The life expectancy stands at 72.17 old age for all populations.From the latest commercial guide of Indonesia, there are

Research in Business and Management Literature review

Research in Business and Manage workforcet - writings review ExampleA woman even in the current epoch needs to go through several organizations hazards in workplace if they really desire to succeed in their professional cargoner. such(prenominal) unequal treatments practiced in present-day(a) organizations argon highly unethical and immoral. This paper will view as a critical analysis of several scholarly articles relating to this matter. It is highly rational to critical analyze this place because if development process of a firm is not engendered, then it prosperity is endangered in the vast run (Leinonen, 2012).Long back it was claimed by of all the wilderness of human unawareness, perhaps the most fast and precious to human development has been the waste of the distinguishing authorities of womanhood after the child-bearing age (Leinonen, 2012). It was also institute that that both vertical and horizontal segregations among men and women labour force in organizations exist s in favour of men workers and against to the female employees (Poutanen and Kovalainen, 2013). They also stated that in work-family arrangements, in labour markets or while making the excerption of professions, gender related inequalities are common characteristic features. In 1989, a special study introduced on American military organization showed that the opportunities offered to women were less than the aggregate opportunities provided to men (Swan, 2010). It was claimed that in most of the workplaces in the contemporary era, gender wage gap is highly persistent workplace negativity in most of the nations (Swan, 2010). Women are subjected to several occupational hazards in their professional life. The midlife and older women working in various corporate organizations are subjected high job attrition at times of crisis and problems in the external world (Aghazadeh, 2004). Like the new-fashioned global financial crisis have significantly lowered the level of women employments r elative to that of men in

Human Resources in the Legal Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Resources in the Legal Context - Essay ExampleAccording to the report much(prenominal) of the underutilization of older workers both those currently working and those wanting to work is the result of rigid corporate and regime policies and practices. Many assumptions about the elderly have been transferred to workers in their 50s and early 60s. The result of this transference is that retirement era is typically viewed as a cutoff point for ones working capabilities.This discussion highlights thatthe Avolio essay revealed the damaging effects of stereotypical assumptions about age. In his study, Avolio asked young professionals to listen to audio recordings of simulated interviews. Avolio told his subjects that the candidates had alike(p) work experience and equivalent on-the-job performance. The same actors voiced the young and the older candidates on the tapes. When it was clock time to evaluate the candidates, the listeners tended to regard the older workers as non-valua ble contributors and to judge the younger ones as adequate performers.Older employees be often refused training opportunities, despite working in organizational cultures that value those who maintain and improve their skills. few human resource managers believe that older workers are less flexible, are unwilling to learn or change their ways, and have work styles that conflict with the work styles of younger workers. These unjustified assumptions often lead to rationalizations base entirely on the bottom-line.

Discussion Week 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Week 5 - Essay ExampleThey also tend to hold more than one view.Mindlessness on the early(a) hand is an illusion large number create for themselves that deceives then that they are in control of each and either situation which is not entirely the case. Mindlessness leads to an separate having a narrow self-image, they acquire learned helplessness and they often lose control leading to unintended cruelty.A social worker that is careful is able-bodied to handle the challenges that come with their work. They are bale to for example convince patients about the importance of their health by means of appealing to their mindsets and using their innovation to assist them change their demeanor for the better. By appealing to their minds, they will absorb led to a doingsal change (Langer, 2014).Social Workers are knowledgeable about human behavior across the life course. How does disembodied spirit Course theory assist us in gaining, organizing and using this faultfindi ng information? How is Life Course theory different from traditional life-span theories? Provide clear examples to distinguish theories.Life course theory discusses a variety of human concepts and do not limit themselves to only a particular course. They handle concepts such as the social changes, the structural contexts, and the historical as well as socioeconomic context of their lives over a period of time. These therefore means that in analyzing the behavior of people using this theory, the social workers will cut across different disciplines from history to biology, sociology, psychology and even political economy as they all affect the human behavior throughout the course of their life. People are therefore able to compartmentalize the information they receive throughout their life and assist in being mindful of what they do and say.Traditional life span theories only focus on the developmental aspect of an individuals life and hence they leave out other aspects that are impo rtant especially to the behavior of an

Business Proposal for Nonprofit Ccharity Organizations Essay - 26

Business Proposal for Nonprofit Ccharity Organizations - Essay ExampleTo meet the increasing call for for donations, the company intends to overstate the manufacturing unit at a cost of $2million in the next two days (Allen, 2010). The expansion will ensure that the production volume is doubled (Fisher, 2000, p. 89).The great required for the expansion is the main challenge for the company because it does not intend to change its working principles in order to raise the capital (Armstrong, Cools, & Sadler-Smith, 2011). Therefore, the company intends to look for a grant to cater to expansion costs (Chilton & Bloodgood, 2010). The social implication for the softness to raise the capital will be catastrophic to the company because of failure to meet the increasing demands (Cooper, 2008). The proviso of safe water for domestic use is a challenge especially in t growth nations (Archer, 2011). The company targets the provision of water to rural households in Africa. The target coun try in Africa is Ethiopia the semi-arid regions of the country (Routley, 2006). The major(ip) plan of the company is to drill boreholes in the region to provide water for the locals (Shaw, 2011). After construction of the boreholes, they be handed over to Community Based organization (CBO) to manage (Global Warming & Climate Change, 2012). The company intends to expand its operation into countries with severe water shortage problem such as South Sudan (Beverly & Thomson, 2011). The company does not operate in a buy one donate one model, but it depends on grants exclusively (Hart, 2011). The leading donor is Melinda and Gates foundation (McKinsey & Company, 2010). The expansion and operational cost for the year according to the calculate are $15 Million (Department of Sustainability Environment, WaterPopulation, and Communities, 2009).

A study of traffic noise affecting residential building along Essay

A study of relations dissonance inciteing residential building along expressways - search Example(Wiberg, Mardh, 2008). Hong Kong can be considered as one of the densest cities in the world facing affair noises issues especially with the suppuration in the economy leading to the demand for housing and transportation. Different pack react other than to the level of noise. However, at certain level, noise starts affecting everyone in the form of irritating and frustrating people (Environmental Protection Department (2006). Noises can in like manner affect the daily activities of life like watching television, talk over the telephone and doing household chores. Just like any other metropolitan city Hong Kong also faces noise issues and more than 1 million people have been affected by it in run few years. (Amundsen, Klaeboe, 2005) Excess traffic noises can be considered as the major reason behind the noise pollution that is mainly because of the poor planning leading to crampe d development of residential properties on base the highways (Crawshaw, 2008) Moreover, the growth and development in 80s and 90s marked serious noise pollutions along with a rise in residential properties and constructions. ... With land paucity, constructors are forced to look for lands that are outside the city and next to expressways. However, living alongside the expressways has its own disadvantages in the form of being exposed to high level of traffic sounds at cause hours along with getting affected by heavy vehicles sounds. The government cannot stop the movement of vehicles on expressways and therefore is bound to look for other options that can help residents to bear with the increasing traffic sound on expressways (Wiberg, Mardh, 2008) The government can improve the quality of pathways along merely the phone numbers of cars, lorries and trucks increase during nights that affect the sleep pattern of people considering the sound created by moving vehicles. The concep t of low noise road surfacing can be considered as an option to mitigate the level of noise pollution but the concept requires time and research to be implemented and more importantly it requires huge investment considering the number of highways in Hong Kong. As per the information collected from the website of HKSAR Government, it was found that a number of flyovers and expressways cut though the main district of the city and people living beside such flyovers and expressways have been greatly affected by the traffic noise in last few years. The government stated that because of the previously built flyovers and expressways and currently genuine urban areas, there have been some serious concerns over the quality of life among residents. Despite the gate of planning standards and the Environmental Impact Assessment, there cannot be done anything that will reduce the level of traffic noises instantly (HKSAR Government (2012) 2.0 BACKGROUND TO THE

Shirley Jackson Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Shirley Jackson - Research Paper physical exertionSimultaneously, the focus Shirley Jackson made on the demeanor theme belongs to that long American tradition of the romance, what Richard tag refers to as that freer, more daring, more brilliant fiction that contrasts with the solid moral inclusiveness and massive equability of the English unused (Chase, viii). It is Chases conviction that the history of American novel is not only the history of the rise of realism al oneness also of the repeated rediscovery of the uses of romance, and that this will continue to be so (Chase, xii). Jacksons illustrations of life have been most pliant to an imagination shaped and inspired by a culture of contradiction, of disharmonies, of what Chase calls radical disunities. From the critical perspective, it was substantial to list these qualities of Jacksons literature in order to see that the fiction of Shirley Jackson, specifically her focus on the themes of life and death, belong to that maj or stream of American literature represented by Poe, Hawthorne, Melville, James, and Faulkner.Traditionally for Shirley Jacksons fiction, her protagonists and audience ar immobilized by dread and death. Indeed, authors fiction revolves around dread what it is and what it feels like. In her work, dread is an emotion, a predicament, an existential condition. What is dreaded is a truth which seems to be the authors. As one reads, one feels the presence of Shirley Jackson in her work. In The Lottery, something dreadful occurs from the very beginning. Regularly, once-a-year, a villager is ritually stoned to death. But this event inspires no fear. Rather, it is sanctioned by the community. From the ratifiers perspective, they appreciate the horror of the lottery, but their only reaction is surprise. The sense of horror comes later, after they finish reading. kindred the villagers themselves, readers are dissociated emotionally from the feelings, and Jackson manages this through the delay of information. Thus a paradox emerges. Something fearful occurs, but the fearful event is not anticipated by reader or character. Nevertheless, the readers sense of dread is change magnitude by the story - not in the forward movement of reading, but retrospectively. The point is this that Jackson mystifies the reader in order to take the reader by surprise. In Jacksons work it is the emotion of surprise which last gets under audiences skin and proves to readers that they have something to worry about. The Lottery is the tale of a town ritual, namely, the stoning of one of its citizens, chosen collectively by drawing lots. From the very beginning of the narration, Shirley Jackson displays great ability to insinuate and foreshadow through her symbols and descriptions of setting and circumstances. Shirley Jackson masterfully and not accidentally put the most all important(predicate) symbol of her short story in its title. The lottery symbolizes death, meaningless, insensible and evident. Critically speaking, insensibility and meaninglessness are the elements of authors narrational emphasis, and these themes find their place in all Jackson fiction. In this particular short story, the cruelty of the

Coming to America Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Coming to America - Coursework ExampleAssimilation though is not so much of a problem with the second or third generations of immigrants as compared to the first generation immigrants because they seem to be solely too willing to adapt with gusto the American culture, sometimes to the dismay of their immigrant grandparents. 2. What does it mean to be Americanized? The AudioEnglish.net website describes universe Americanized as an assimilation into American culture (Americanization, n.d.). 3. Is this something that immigrants should strive for or avoid? I think that immigrants should approximate to be Americanized but not to the extent of totally abandoning their own cultures. 4. Why? Immigrants should not give up their cultures in exchange of the American way because their culture represents their economic and political power in the united States, and, hence, culture becomes a weapon in helping them struggle to attain self-esteem and empowerment (Park, 1999). However, it is main (prenominal) to note that in deciding to become an immigrant, one should have already been prepared to yield to the American culture because at some point, it becomes a necessity if one wants to succeed and prosper in the joined States. Discussion II 1. How does being an immigrant complicate or enhances the life experience of being an American adult female? Being a woman immigrant in America has its advantages and disadvantages.

Short paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Short paper - Essay ExampleThe basic requirements for place on a successful sport event are covered in the first of the build lectures (Lecture 1, 2010) and begins by underlining the importance of the role of the sport event manager the person who is in overall pick - and has the ultimate responsibility for the success, or failure of the event. As there will be many assorted but interlocking facets the event manager is generally assisted by sport event co-ordinators separately handling a specific range of issues.Essentially the organisation of a successful event requires an right appreciation of the intended scope of the enterprise, ranging from minor directed towards local audiences to major megaevents capable of attracting greater be and signifi dejectiont media coverage which target international audiences and require large public financial support. All of them get to a greater or lesser degree similar requirements with differences in scale and include the need to weap ons sponsorship, the support of the relevant sport agencies as well as local, national and international groups and federations. This is also handled in Lecture 2(2010) and the requirements are portrayed in an elegant interaction diagram (Lecture 2, 2010) as is the organisational chart of the outside(a) Olympic Committee, together with its interaction with host country agencies. This is important since to host an Olympic series is champion of the pinnacles of sport events. Central to the events success are finance and sponsorship. The funding of the event can be secured through government and institutional grants, levies on associations, industrial and commercial sponsorship, rich individuals and a volume of large and small stakeholders as well as gate receipts (Lecture 2, 2010).which were covered in the lectures to wit what was essential for ensuring success?

Data Mining in Chain Hotels Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Data Mining in Chain Hotels - Assignment ExampleDatabases can be utilize by several users seeking businesses in this sector. It helps them to overcome challenges of competition and meet the demands of the market.This study seeks to develop a database for hotel chain management operating 20 hotels in 4 countries. The data mining for the store of schooling for each hotel and performs analysis with regard to the addicted hotel. For each hotel the data w arhouse allow store its name, type, address, country, region, postcode, band count, and the name of the manager. The data also include different types of lives like single, double, family, suits, etc. Each room may also incorpo govern certain optional features, such as icebox, kitchenette, or laundry. The system should have got each room described as rooms type, size, number of beds, the maximum number of customers, refrigerator (Boolean), kitchenette (Boolean), laundry (Boolean). The capacity of the hotel chain to accommodate c ustomers is limited. The database should help the management on how to price the hotel rooms in order to cook maximum revenue collection. Looking at the capacity of the hotel over time given in the data warehouse, they can easily come up with the prices. Comparison between the occupancy rate (utilization) and the vacancy rate is considered.The hotel chains capacity to accommodate customers is limited. Each hotel has a set number of rooms. The primary source of revenue is accommodation in hotel rooms. The biggest challenge the company faces is determining how to price the hotel rooms. If they are priced low, the hotels will be constantly booked and therefore customers will be forced to try otherwise hotels in competition with The Grande Chat and if the rooms are priced too high, a lot of rooms will remain empty. The hotel chain management wants to realize profits. The only way is to use the data mining to realize their underlying, interesting patterns and relationships that lie hid den within the analysis (Data mining).

Anotatted Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Anotatted Bibliography - Essay ExampleThe author comes up with a mode of describing the child Description. The criterion is however based on the childs figuration. This is as regards oppositional theories of the subject matter. It is an emphasis brought about by the argument that there will al focal points be theories produced in such an increasingly changing world victimisation the context of Australia.In his argument, the author categorically takes a look at the history of childhood. He says this can only be studied through historic conception, that is, through inclusion of such sources as the Philippines Aries. The article uses a quantitative research methodology using results made on based on the insights of demographic historians.The author stresses on the fact that the youth is a constitution not of instinctive acquisition, but rather purposefully processed. This involves social constructs from childhood all the way to adulthood. Youth culture is examined on a historical persp ective through the use of a sociological research approach. In this context, a close look and examination of the youth culture is achieved.Castaneda, C. (2002) The Child in Theory post-structuralism, feminism, and psychoanalysis. InUniversity of Sydney Library (ed), Figurations child, bodies, worlds, Duke UniversityPress, Durham, Chapter 5,

A formal or ceremonial observance of the religious context rites Essay

A formal or ceremonial observance of the religious context rites - Essay specimenThe purpose of the essay is to examine the nature, role and significance of religious rites by comparing and contrasting the rites and rituals unique to Islam and Christianity. Funeral rites in Islam as well as Christianity serve to provide solace and comfort to help know with the loss of a loved one while simultaneously reinforcing doctrine in the almighty by driving home the frailty of human existence. They argon rites of passage. Both religions sh are some common beliefs pertaining to death. Islam and Christianity imagine in life after death (akhirah and resurrection respectively), the existence of heaven and hell, the immortality of the soul, that life on earth is further a test to be followed by a solar day of reckoning or Judgment day where one will be punished or rewarded. However they differ in ritualistic practice.Funeral rites in Islam honor the dead. The dying person tries to die with t he Shahada or declaration of faith on the lips. This prayer reaffirms the belief that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is his prophet. The form is cleansed thoroughly as instructed in the Hadith by the prophet Muhammad following the death of his daughter wash her three times, or more than that if you feel it demand with water. This process is called ghusl. Particular attention is given to the parts of the body that are cleansed before prayers. The body is anointed with camphor then shrouded in clean white cloth (Kahn) that symbolizes purity. If a person has performed hajj his ihram is used to enfold the body. Funeral prayers called Salatul Janazah are recited. It is here that the Shia and Sunni Muslim practices differ. Differences arise in their use of Hadith material, as the Sunni Muslims recognize six books of the Hadith while the Shias recognize only four that give importance to Ali who is believed to be the rightful substitute to the prophet. Wailing at funerals i s prohibited by the Sunni Muslims while the Shias have no such restrictions. Salatul Janazah is significant as it provides solace to the mourners and reiterates the belief that the soul of the deceased has gone on to a better place. The dead are given instructions on how best to answer the interrogation by the angels Munkar and Nakir The body is then carried out to be buried. The coffin is ahead of the mourners in the funeral procession as it is believed that the Angel of Death leads in movement of the bier. The body is lowered into the earth without the coffin, which indicates that there is nothing inhibiting the body as it begins the ascent heavenwards. The arms are folded to give the appearance of prayer (salat), as a gesture of reverence. The body is buried facing the vigilance of the Kaba at Mecca, which signifies the umbilical- cord like connection that exists between God and his followers. Christian funeral rites mirror their belief in resurrection. The Bible attests that Jesus death as atonement for the sins of mankind and his ultimate resurrection has enabled man to gain ascendancy everywhere death. By way of preparation for the last journey, the body is cleansed physically as well as spiritually by washing and then choose the body with sacred oil. In the Bible the process of anointing is described as follows, Is any sick among you Let him call for the call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the master key And the prayer of the faithful shall save the sick and the Lord shall raise him up and if he has committed sins, they shall be forgiven him(James 514-15).

A Study of Musical Theatre’s Gilbert and Sullivan Essay Example for Free

A Study of practice of medicineal fields gigabit and Sullivan EssayTheatre, as we know it, al focussings aims to provoke its auditory modality through emotions, by invoking the m economic consumptions of commencedy and tragedy, and every(prenominal) affaire else in mingled with. Many names are synonymous to the history and success of theatre, but no(prenominal) comes close to the iconic contributions of Britains most illustrious yoke, collectively kn knowledge as gilbert and Sullivan. Sharp, keen wit and splendid rhyme wear ensnare their rightful places in the theatrical masterpieces composed by renowned playwright William S. gigabit, and his equally-profound partner, composer Arthur Sullivan. The 1870s marked the offset printing of a new ideology in musical theatre, as the partnership brought to the fore previously unheard-of standards that were identified by a ruffle of intelligence in satire and silliness, as s rise up as melodic instrumentations that compleme nt the passion and creativity of the written word. such(prenominal)(prenominal) was the success of the outcome that gigabit and Sullivan managed to pioneer and influence generations of theatre innovations, and lastly, become a solid linchpin in both British and American common culture.Musical comedy writers, Broadway lyricists, literary authors and composersand even primal names in politics and g all overnmentare just whatsoever of those who have credited gigabit and Sullivan for a number of their working. Through the excellent vision of production genius Richard DOyly carte, the impressive collaborations of sarin and Sullivan were set to stage. The Savoy Theatre in London, Cartes headquarters, became the place for some(prenominal) of the twains memorable musicals.Innovative from the beginning, The Savoy was the first theatre in the world to utilize electricity, and summoned theatre-goers all over to sample this taste of technology as well as the brilliance of gibibyte an d Sullivans works, which were subsequently aptly named Savoy Operas (Kenrick, 2000-2003). The gigabit and Sullivan era spanned from 1871 to 1896, and among them they were able to create fourteen critically-acclaimed and hugely popular masterpiecescounting The mikado, Pirates of Penzance, and H. M. S.Pinafore as the most widely-received. II. William gigabit and Arthur Sullivan, The Beginning The young William sarin (1836-1911) was the son of a naval surgeon by profession, and a writer by interest. He jumpstarted his sons jejune career by allowing the boy to accompany his articles with illustrations William before long found his own talent for writing, and came up with his own papers. These writings, called Bab Ballads, would ulterior find their way into some of gilbert and Sullivans most acclaimed musicals. sarins Bab Ballads were know for their unique use of humor played out through logic (Classic gilbert and Sullivan). Mike Leigh, slope film and theatre director, conclu des this style to be decidedly one that had gigabytes signature, where the establishment of the strange, absurd, and former(a)wise unacceptable concept would be expertly formed into perfect examples of reason and truthall through with a bite of silliness metamorphosing into deadpan prose.On the other hand, the musical inclinations of Arthur Sullivan (1842-1900) in worry manner had strong parental influenceshis father was a cast outdmaster with the military, and the and then 8-year-old Arthur had already become expert in all the band instruments. In 1856, after concluding his initial attempts of composing songs and anthems in school, Arthur proceeded to claim the first Mendelssohn Prize, and took pull ahead studies in composition and conducting at the Royal Academy of Music, as well as in Leipzig.He performed his 1861 graduation piece, an ode to William Shakespeares The Tempest, at the Crystal Palace this earned him the prestige of being heralded as the countrys most promisi ng young composer. Among Sullivans applauded works early in his career were The Masque at Kenilworth (1842), The Prodigal Son (1869), On Shore and Sea (1871), and a ballet entitled Llle Enchantee (1864) (Classic Gilbert and Sullivan). William Gilberts and Arthur Sullivans paths crossed as they attended a rehearsal of the play Ages Ago, where the composer Frederic system make introductions.A couple of years after that, Gilbert and Sullivan do their first foray as co-creators of what would be a uniquely wonderful style admired by the whole world. III. Gilbert and Sullivan and the absurd Opera A staple of English theatre during the Edwardian era, the mirthful operas origins come from 18th-century Naples, in Italy. Known as intermezzi, short laughable routines were used to end the bigger acts, and have a go at ited untold popularity that they were later written to exist on their own.The final out shed was the comic opera, the concept of which was before long transported to Pari s, where it easily claimed the eulogy of French dramatists and audiences. However, the same could non be said upon its arrival on English territory, for theatre professionals and enthusiasts at the time were still more interested in evolving the popular Ballad Opera and the newer form of Music Hall the latter was introduced to fill the need for a lighter, less(prenominal) serious entertainment style. Finally, in 1871, the comic opera was launched in Londons Gaiety Theatre, through the production of Thespis or the Gods Grown Old.This non only marked a new chapter in British theatre, but also the first debut of the long-running collaboration of musical theatres most prestigious partnershipGilbert and Sullivan. It all started with the efforts of washbowl Hollingshead, then manager of the Gaiety Theatre, who utilise Gilberts expertise to write the libretto of his theatres 1871 Christmas musical. They had worked together once before, on the burlesque Robert the Devil which also ran in Gaiety. To complete the requirement for the musical, Hollingshead contacted Sullivan, who was then still in maked in stage production.This first encounter produced Thespis, but was initially given much criticism and low confidence in the team. Four years later, the manufacturer Carte would bring them mainstay together to create Trial By Jury the resulting 300 performances declared it a resounding success, as well as a much-awaited approval of the partnership. Perhaps the foremost appeal of Gilbert and Sullivans works had much to do with their ability to poke fun and humor at establishment, as well as current social and political issues.This was a high time for patriotism in Britain, and the British audiences validation of the comic operas sealed the career success of the duo. Much of the credit would also have to go to the newness of concept and execution of for each one piece, that even foreign audiences understood and appreciated the essence of every performance. To this da y, comic opera will always be defined by Gilbert and Sullivanthey truly do it their niche, and those that attempted to surpass or equal their passments failed to do so (Gillan, 2007).Of the fourteen collaborative works of the illustrious partnership, many were lauded as icons of comic opera. These were the celebrated productions of Thespis or the Gods Grown Old, Trial By Jury (1975), The whizz (1877), and of course, the previously-mentioned The Mikado, Pirates of Penzance, and H. M. S. Pinafore. Thespis or the Gods Grown Old, being Gilbert and Sullivans first collaboration, had no real indications of the phenomenal emerging awaiting its two creators.Yet the classic Gilbert and Sullivan format was already applied in the work, by setting the opera in the mythical Mount Olympus. In the story, the gods have all grown old and the supernal buildings were all in a state of ruin. Then a sort of actors and their leader named Thespis went up the cud to have a picnic, and noticed the sa d condition of the place. Thespis gets into a deal with Jupiter, agreeing that his group would take on the work of the tired gods, provided that Mercury would remain to brief them of their duties. neertheless things do not go as planned, and Mercury only noted all complaints. When the gods on break finally return, they discover the unsatisfactory results and ostracise the group choke off to earth. 1875s Trial By Jury made use of an old wakeless procedure as the main idea, specifically a breach of promise trial. This often took place in earlier times, when a man could be summoned to court and sued for taking back a marriage proposal. The characters include a dashing, worldly bachelor and the woman who called for the hearing, a maiden dressed in wedding attire.An all-male jury and an unscrupulous judge round up the cast, with the woman directing her flirtations toward the jury but would end up receiving a proposal from the judge himselfas a way to resolve the case. The storyline established reign comic compositions that would later be present in most of Gilbert and Sullivans works (1) truthful and undying love may come from and end in unexpected sources and directions (2) the existence of politicians who achieved their public placement by charming and lying their way through, and (3) aversion for mature women, specifically those over 40which is, in truth, a nod to patriarchy and sexism.Two years later, Gilbert and Sullivan produced The necromancer, which featured a man of fantasy who brings chaos and confusion to a tiny English village by creating a love potion. In many ways, The Sorcerer made a satire of class distinction and social propriety, which were standard elements in Victorian society. Yet in true Gilbert and Sullivan style, the output was of inimitable wit and class that the references were not declared offensive at allso much was its success that aside from its own many envisionings, The Sorcerer was staged even as far as America, albeit unauthorized.And while the operas theme could have been translated by the French through a multitude of sexual innuendos and references played out by unreal, fantastic characters, Gilbert and Sullivan designed The Sorcerer with roles that were utterly believable and crediblethe kind of people that really exist in everyday life, that the British audience could identify. The penchant for poking fun at British social conventions became Gilbert and Sullivans running objective, and in 1878 they again succeeded in producing a successful show that audiences celebrated.H. M. S. Pinafore once again uses love as a theme, but a deeper reading would publish that the opera tackles the discussion of Englands class society. With the narrative centering on the daughter of a naval captains rejection of the Secretary of the Navythe highest-ranking man of uniformfor the affections of a common sailor, H. M. S. Pinafore showcases the universe of a person born into a particular class, and the availabi lity of options based on this system.It is also a criticism of their societys double standard on the issue of marriage they patronize literary productionss ideals about love conquering all, while in real life they disapprove of unions between people of different social classes. This time, audiences were not as forgiving as they were with The Sorcererthe prevailing attachment and love for the British class system caused low ticket sales. That, as well as the sorry hot weather pulled Gilbert and Sullivans celebrity downfor a moment.During Sullivans summer concerts, he came up with the smart strategy to include several medleys of his Pinafore score the result was a resuscitate interest in the opera, and eventually sales and attendance reached phenomenal heights. Such was the success of the opera that it promote Carte to involve Gilbert and Sullivan in the actual business, dividing all production expenses and sales profits among the triplet of them. From this point on, Gilbert and Sullivan were given decision-making authority in all their productions.However, because of the operas impact on the British audiences, many unauthorized production of Pinafore were staged, particularly in the United States, where inter subject field right of first publication laws were not all the same in place. To assert ownership, Carte brought the production overseas where it enjoyed a brief yet successful run in Broadway, and made sure that Gilbert and Sullivans works were covered by copyright laws in the country. Carte had this foremost on his mind when Gilbert and Sullivan came up with yet other(prenominal) opera destined for iconic status, 1880s Pirates of Penzance.This time, Carte protected the production rights both in Britain and bare-ass York, which established the legal precedents still observed today. The move has benefited playwrights and writers all over the world, with this initial case on intellectual property rights. Love as an ideal is again the running theme in Penzance, as the story explores the adventures of a young man named Frederick who, by no choice of his own, worked under the tutelage of a group of pirates.As luck would have it, he falls for the daughter of a Major habituala momentous experience that drove him to make up for his previous deeds by eliminating the pirates he used to be associated with. The pirates in question actually turned out to be noblemen who made the wrongly choices in life in the end, they, including Frederick, all take the Majors many daughters as their wives. there was no stopping the success of Gilbert and Sullivan, and they forged on to firmly claim their place in popular culture.Several productions were created, among them Patience (1881), which told of the poets charm and magnetism, a surefire way to get his way with the women, however for the one he wantswho is but a simple milkmaid. Written as a comedy, Patience last focused on aestheticism, which referred to an artists or writers obsession wit h beauty. Carte employed a brilliant marketing strategy to promote the production, with the assistance of famed writer Oscar Wilde.The writer was tasked to do the lecture circuit around the United States, to provide a full background on this new ideology, and to ensure public awareness of the opera. non surprisingly, this tactic resulted in positive financial reaction. With Patience, Gilbert and Sullivan introduced another(prenominal) innovation, this time with the characters of the opera narrative and the songs assigned to them. In their previous works, the duos main conclusion to put a message across was met the technical level of the story itself remained the way it was from their early projects.Not the kinds to stay within their comfort zones, Gilbert and Sullivan expanded their competencies as playwrights by integrating the characters with musicproducing songs and individualizedities that were single(a) to each other, and the offices they were in. Comic opera was what peop le called the Gilbert and Sullivan theatre style in reality, it was the birth of the merged musical. The partnership, while perfect on an intellectual realm, was slowly revealing its cracks caused by the personal differences of the two artists.Gilbert was apparently so taken with the love potion plotwhich he successfully delivered in The Sorcererand treasured to create another opera using the same idea. This was not taken positively by Sullivan, who soon decided, on impulse, to focus more on serious projects. Of course, Gilbert did not take this well either, and the beginning of what would be a personal feud between the two took its place. Carte tried to remedy the situation by staging a rerun of The Sorcerer, only as a stopgap measure for further rifts that may damage company existence and operations.Fate once again played a study role in the succeeding events, because the partnership was saved by a mundane objecta Japanese sword. It fell from the wall of Gilberts study and almo st hit him, but alternatively of dismissing the incident, Gilbert took inspiration from it. This set the tone and plot for Gilbert and Sullivans most popular opera to date. The Mikado, staged in 1885, carried the same elements that had made the duo known love, and social commentary with a chivalrous helping of humor and wit.The plot itself was hilariousit was a scenario questioning what would happen when the Emperor of Japan, know as the Mikado, passes a decree declaring flirting as illegal, and punishable by law. The townsfolk of Titipu refused to follow the new ruling, and accordingly appointed Koko, a condemned tailor, as Lord High Executioner. Strangely, the condition for this appointment was for Koko to be beheaded, as he was proven guilty of violating the new law, unless he finds someone to behead first.Koko manages to find someone to execute, and that was the traveling folk singer named Nanki-Poo, who actually agrees with Koko only if he is allowed to marry the beautiful Y um-YumKokos fiance. Nanki-Poo was given a month to enjoy the wedded life before he was beheaded and Koko can finally marry Yum-Yum. just now soon an old woman named Katisha appears, a representative of the royal court, and announces that Nanki-Poo is really the crown princeguilty of the crime, as he had flirted with her and tried to escape execution by hiding in the small town.Eventually, the Mikado himself arrives and declares that his goal for decreeing such an inane ruling was to let the punishment fit the crime. More misunderstandings and deceptions came afterwards, but in the end everyone lives happily ever after. Gilbert and Sullivan decided to use Japan as a setting to create a satire about the British penchant for all things Japanese, during the 1880s. And because it was brilliantly written and the references to British pretensions and petty usance subtle and discreet, audiences failed to make any negative observations and promptly applauded the performance.Exporting The M ikado to the United States was the right thing to do, for it replicated the success of H. M. S. Pinafore and drove Americans into a Japanese frenzy. The Mikado is the sole musical by Gilbert and Sullivan that had been performed in a variety of languages, and is also their only work that spawned a diplomatic controversy. In 1907, the poll parrot Prince of Japan came over for a state visit, and immediately the British government ordered a ban on The Mikado only to discover that one of the Princes objectives in visiting Britain was to watch the musical.To this day, The Mikado is still widely produced and staged worldwide. However, the problem with having a major success in ones name is the pressure to produce another one of equal or undischargeder impact. In 1887, Gilbert and Sullivan staged Ruddigore, which entailed more melodrama than their previous collaborations. It truly was an accomplished piece, but audiences kept comparing it with The Mikado. Once more, Sullivan was disheart ened by this turn of events and threatened to leave the industry altogether and focus on classical compositions instead.Gilbert tried to change his mind with a new libretto, one that was not an echo of their old work. With The Yeomen of the Guard, an light opera set during the reign of Henry VIII, romance was played out within the constraints of political controversies, as well as the possibility of execution. Sullivan, satisfied with the proposition, proceeded to create a score punctuated with melodrama and emotion, while Gilbert reinvented himself and his style by veering from his usual whimsical comic dialogue. Serious was the best word to use to describe Yeoman, and this became a personal favorite of Sullivan.The monarchy did not escape the frosty wit of the two, either. In 1889, Gilbert and Sullivan resurrected their signature comic style with the staging of The Gondoliers. A story of a couple of anti-royalist gondoliers from Venice who ironically discover that they have abru ptly become kings of a country in the midst of a revolution, Gilbert and Sullivan once again merge fun and comedy to discuss the idiosyncrasies of the royals and the issues of democracy. The Gondoliers became an instant international hit.No less than the public-shy Queen Victoria put across for several private performances of The Gondoliers, which validated the immense contribution of Gilbert and Sullivan to musical theatre. But the personal differences between the two icons continued to get in the way of their professional relationship. Some were serious concerns, yet some were downright trivialsuch as the argument over the cost of newly-installed carpets in the Savoy Theatre. Carte and his wife ultimately chose to take Sullivans side, which resulted in their production of Ivanhoe, Sullivans grand opera.However, this project failed to achieve any semblance of financial success which was a mirror of Gilberts own experience when he went back to writing his own plays. Several years later, the three business partners tried to put everything aside and reconcile, but sadly, they were never able to bring back their glory days. Still, they managed to produce Utopia Limited (1893), another satire of Britains unsuccessful efforts in its dealings with other countries and The Grand Duke (1896), featuring a theatre groups attempts to claim power in a problematic Germany.Both productions were of the same make and character reference as their previous ones, but neither enjoyed substantial performance durations because of expensive production costs. More than that, it was already apparent that Gilbert and Sullivan no longer had the fresh and intriguing style and creativity that had earned them the respect of audiences worldwide (Kenrick, 2000-2003). IV. Reviews Interesting to note are the reviews made for each of Gilbert and Sullivans operas, as made by many critics and journalists during the time.Some of the takes of these writers were documented and used as reference, i n order to validate the original contribution given by the duo. One review for Thespis on its opening night in 1871 commended Gilbert and the magnificent storyline he created, as well as the audiences superb reception of the play. Credits were specifically given to the talent showcased (Perry, 2001). A Trial By Jury review was not truly excitingwhile the critic commended the acting and singing done by the performers, it was the lateness of the hour that possibly accounted for the audiences lackluster reaction (Perry, 2001).H. F. Frost reviewed The Sorcerer in 1877, and emphasized the effective crew of literary merit and dramatic consistency as created by Gilbert and Sullivan, except that their attempts to subtly mix burlesque and opera was not entirely acceptable. Points were given to the theme of exploring human natures weaknesses and imperfections (Perry, 2000). It is limpid that H. M. S. Pinafore was a huge crowd favorite, as revealed by a review published in 1878. Pinafore was commended for the use of burlesque but had more humor and charm over Trial By Jury and The Sorcerer.The satire and libretto were both noted, and gave Gilbert and Sullivan credit for managing to pull it off without great offense to the public. The actors were also adjudged suited to their roles, and the musical one that will remain in the bills for a long time (Perry, 2001). A review made in 1880 of Pirates of Penzance saw it as having several allusions to H. M. S. Pinafore, particularly in the similarities of some of the characters. But the audience was not put off by that observation, and still applauded the cynicism and wit of Gilberts rowing as well as the charm of Sullivans music (Perry, 2000). V. The Final YearsThough they never really regained their old camaraderie, Gilbert and Sullivan remained civil to each other until the end. In 1888, Sullivan was granted knighthood, and the former colleagues dual-lane the same stage once more during revivals of their old classics we re produced. Later, Sullivan collaborated with other writers to produce several critically-acclaimed operas, including The Emerald Isle in 1900. Sullivan finally passed away at the age of 58, ascribable to a bout of severe bronchitis. Gilbert, on the other hand, got his second wind at the dawn of the new century, with a notable output of librettos and plays.He eventually received his knighthood in 1907, which was long overdue, but allowed him to experience being touted as a British national living treasure. At age 74, while saving a girl from drowning in his own estate, Gilbert was struck by a fatal heart attack. This happened in late May 1911. The great producer Carte succumbed to the permanent effects of illness in 1901, but his opera company was continued by Helen, his wife, and their son Rupert and his wife. They revived the most acclaimed works of Gilbert and Sullivan throughout the years, until the company closed in 1983 due to financial problems.But Bridget, Ruperts wife, le ft a considerable amount of money to allow a new group of theatre producers to form a new company, which still stages revivals of the famous musicals of Gilbert and Sullivan to this day. VI. The Gilbert and Sullivan Legacy The achievements of Gilbert and Sullivan were nothing less than national milestones, particularly in the reality of class-conscious Britain. The brilliant wit, humor, and music created by the duo gained popularity with all class levels of society, which was a feat it itself.Apart from that, the teams theatre philosophy transformed the standard musical preferences to be more attune to popular music, and less concentration on the obscure and exclusive. However, Cartes company refused to grant performers and directors the freedom to modify each productionevery staging had to adhere to the set guidelines of the original team. Critics and audiences could only imagine how fresh eyeball and new voices would be able to interpret the tried-and-tested pieces (Wren, 2001). Britain respected the legacy of Gilbert and Sullivan, and their standards of musical theatre pudden-head into all productions made in the late 1800s.George Edwardes, a producer of comic operas, proved to be the duos strongest competitor. He started with the success of Dorothy in 1886, which included a ballad entitled Queen of My partiality, that broke all recordseven running longer than any of Gilbert and Sullivans musicals. But what made Edwardes a respected name was his discovery of a new technique with his production of The Gaiety Girls, a musical named after the famous London theatre. This musical comedy featured many of Gilbert and Sullivans standard elements, making it a manifestation of the partnerships influence on the art.The Gaiety Girls, equal most of Gilbert and Sullivans operas, carried a theme of love gained and lost. But these musicals only had two oecumenical narrativesa poor girl in love with a rich man, and wins him in the end, even in the presence of adversiti es and a poor girl who attempts to get out of a marriage she did not want, hint her to involve other characters on a chase. The music and titles of these musicals all had the same essence, which were really just variations on a theme. Interestingly, the seeming monotony of these musicals were greatly appreciated by the audiences and critics, who preferred them exactly as they were.But these productions could never stand up against the works of Gilbert and Sullivan, particularly those that had traveled to the United States. This fact awaken the British audience from their stupor, as they had to acknowledge the international receipt of their own culture (Morley, 1987). Needless to say, the Gilbert and Sullivan operas consistently received much acclaim from their American audiences the staging of H. M. S. Pinafore started a nationwide furor aptly called Pinafore-mania. Typical of Americans, the music and songs of Pinafore quickly entered the realm of popular culture, and were include d in symmetric talk.The classic line What never? Well, hardly ever from Pinafore became standard replies of people all over, and the develop short, sharp stock that was used in The Mikado to mean of severe punishment was borrowed by different writers, artists, commentators and bands. Perhaps the most celebrated American production of a Gilbert and Sullivan original was Pirates of Penzance, which found its way to Broadway in 1981 and enjoyed a run that broke production and staging records. Gilbert, in particular, would often be cited by popular American writers, such as washbasinny Mercer, Larry Hart, Alan Jay Lerner, and Stephen Sondheim.Mercer was even quoted as saying, We all come from Gilbert, and Sondheim made a tribute to the famous librettist in Please Hello from his work Pacific Overtures (1976). It is believably not far-fetched to assume that Gilbert and Sullivans work lent sophistication and class to the existing mail of musicals then soon after, new generations of m usical talents appeared, putting the USA on top of the list. The Boston warning Opera Company, more popularly known as The Bostonians, made the rounds of theatres all over the country, and were received well for their outstanding performances.They included in the repertoire several original American musicals, but were known for their productions of Gilbert and Sullivan works. A listing of American originals that took after the Gilbert and Sullivan tradition is as follows El Capitan (1896) by John Philip Sousa The Begum (1887) and Robin Hood (1891) by librettist Harry B, Smith and composer Reginald DeKoven The Highwayman (1897), again by Reginald DeKoven (Gillan, 2007). VII. The Gilbert and Sullivan find out The influence of Gilbert and Sullivan extended all the way to other forms of art ad communication, which included literary works of famous writers.References to their collaborations are found in the work of writer Isaac Asimov, who wrote a number of stories concern on the puzz les and mysteries of the duos operas. One such story was of time travel, where one had to go back in the 1800s to rescue the score to Gilbert and Sullivans Thespis (Asimov, 1978). The Year of the Action engaged a roll over the actual date of the action in Pirates of Penzance. A story in Asimovs famous I, Robot, Runaround, had a character singing parts of songs from Ruddigore, Patience, and Pinafore.Cleverly, Asimov concluded his homage to the duo with his story The Up-To-Date Sorcerer, which was obviously a parody of The Sorcerer. Legendary British author P. G. Wodehouse was also known to cite Gilbert and Sullivan in his writings, and more often exclusively referred to Gilbert. His novels and short stories included numerous allusions to the teams work, many to Gilberts early Bab Ballads (Robinson, 2006). The film industry also found the works of Gilbert and Sullivan great material for a wealth of movies.Many of their musicals were able into films, including the actors who original ly performed in the theatre versions. The Mikado was adapted into a movie in 1939, in full color, for which it won several awards. Also, many films made use of scores composed for a number of Gilbert and Sullivan musicals, including The Matchmaker (1958), I Could Go On singing (1963), The Naughty Victorians (1975), The Bad News Bears Go To Japan (1978), Chariots of Fire (1981), The Adventures of Milo and Otis (1989), The Browning discrepancy (1994), and The Hand That Rocks The Cradle (1992).Television is also another medium that has embraced the Gilbert and Sullivan talent. From The Simpsons to Frasier, from Angel to The West Wing, the duos music has been showcased in a variety of scenes and episodes. There was even a show sacred to spoofs of Gilbert and Sullivan musicals, entitled The Star of Christmas. Video games such as Grand Theft Auto San Andreas also had visual references of Gilbert and Sullivans works, particularly of Pirates of Penzance.Outside of media, many personaliti es in politics also found good material in the teams celebrated works to promote their platforms and ideologies. A short, sharp stock remains to be a popular mainstay in many manifestos and debates. VIII. On A Personal Level Though their professional partnership was truly accomplished and proven time and again, it was the personal relationship of Gilbert and Sullivan that had suffered the most.Collaborations may or may not be successful if the participants are friends however, artists like Gilbert and Sullivan probably see no boundaries between who they are and what they do. Sullivan was not rich, and as he grew up he mad it a point to mingle with the rich and influential. He met Gilbert, and immediately discovered the parallels in drive and talent in both of them. However, he also saw something elsethat Gilberts familiarity could be the means for him to make his career flourish. Sullivan had many other powerful friends, including Queen Victoria, who advi

Learning Diversity Essay Example for Free

Learning Diversity EssayAfter examine this chapter, you should be able to 1. De? ne cultural diversity 2. Describe the role of refinement in shaping similarities and di? erences among various(prenominal)s 3. Recognise race and culturality as an s electroshock therapyion of micro cultural diversity 4. Explain the educational implications of di? erences in assimilators learnedness demeanor 5. stigmatise types of cognitive manner 6. Relategender di? erences and socio-economic position to idiosyncratic(a) di? erences issues and 7. Describe instructors strategies in embracing diversity. individualistic Differences 7 171i. CHAPTER 7 l idiosyncratic DIFFERENCES.171 INTRODUCTION As instructors, we must be aw are of to the highest degree studentsindividual differences much(prenominal) as differences in husbandry, ethnicality, intelligent, lyric poems, culture dahs, and so on It is because it may enhance students assureing or limit their opportunity to learn fr om the domesticate environment. These factors should be taken into consideration when we plan t apieceing and encyclopedism process in the classroom. We begin by discussing the de? nition of cultural diversity and opposite factors that contribute to studentsdiversity.Next, we examine the differences of learning styles and cognitivestyles among students. This is binded by the explanation of gender differences that in? uence the students performance. In the ? nal section of this chapter, we will discuss how teachers female genital organ cope with the individual differences effectively in the teaching and learning process. respective(prenominal) DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7 172 Characteristics of an individuals society, or of some subgroups within this society. It includes set, beliefs, notions about accep duck and unacceptable behaviour, and another(prenominal) socially constructed ideas that members of the culture are taught are true. (1994 in Tan 3003).Those human characteristic s that cause both the potential to every enrich or limit a students capacity to learn from the school environment. Henson Eller (1999, p121) case-by-case differences are the variations we observe among members of any group in a particular characteristic, such(prenominal) as temperament, life force level, friendship patterns and parent-child attachment. Borich Tombari (1997, p29) 7. 1 CULTURAL DIVERSITY 7. 1. 1 De? nition of Cultural Diversity tally to Garcia, Culture refers to Henson Eller (1999, p121) locate that the term diversity mean Whereas Borich Tombari (1997. p29) posit that173i. CHAPTER 7 l respective(prenominal) DIFFERENCES 173 Group membership bum include racial identi? cation, but heedless of race, it stooge variegate further in term of assumptions, values, verbiage, religion, behaviour, and symbols. (Oconor, 1988 in Tan 2003). class 7. 1 Various races in Malaysia. In Malaysia we bring forth different races such as the Malays, Chinese, Indians and ot hers as illustrated in Figure 7. 1. Each of the races has their own culture. Culture is a bountiful and encopassing concept. Even though we equate culture with race or ethnic identity, the truth is that within racial or ethnic groups there firebe cultural variations.In short, culture governs how we think and feel, how we be adopt and how we live, and it is born by and large of socialization. We often recognize case culture such as Malays, Chinese, Indians and others. We share Malaysian citizenship. So, differences in culture pertaining to Malaysia overly mean differences in ethnicity and race. 7. 1. 2 The Role of Culture in Shaping Similarities and Di? erences Among Individuals Culture has impingement on our students socialization. several(prenominal) elements of culture including religion, nourishments, holidays and celebrations, dress, history and traditions, and art andmusic.Cultural diversity also can manifest in our views of the life cycle, decorum and discipline, health and hygiene (Example Explanations of illness and death), values, work and bend, and cartridge clip and space. All could be elements of a shared national culture or of additional family cultures. Each element shapes our students through socialization within their families, later through teacher, peers and environment. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7 174 We need to go forward in mind that our students membership in cultural groups signi? cantly in? uences their lives both inside and outside of school.Therefore, we guide a bun in the oven to consider cultural diversities because honouring cultural diversities enhances classroom teaching and learning. As teachers, we have to understand these cultural diversities and study to accommodate to these differences. We have to honour other peoples beliefs and values because they have their rationale and that contributes to a harmonious society and peaceful nation. These have to start in school where the students are aware of their di fferences and teacher instil within them the espirit de core (spirit to live to fither peacefully), tolerance towards others, empathy and pro social behaviour.175i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 175 To answer that question, Tan (2003), recognizes three bearings in addressing cultural differences as illustrated in Figure 7. 2 Now let us examine all these cave inmentes. (a) Assimilation Theory harmonise to the assimilation theory, all students must conform to the rules of the Anglo- American group culture, regardless of their family culture or the rules of other groups to which they belong. Anglo culture is superior to all others, differences are threatening and rejected. Figure 7. 2 Three ways in addressing cultural differences INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7.176 (b) Amalgamation Theory tally to Davidson Phelan Cultural differences are ignored. Through the historic period, galore(postnominal) of us have been comforted by the melting pot view of our societys instituti ons. But, it excessively has promote the loss of individual identity. (c) Cultural Pluralism According to Davidson Phelan Diversity is not feared or criticized or ignored. It is valued, unconstipated celebrated. An effective teacher holds this view of diversity and incorporates beliefs about multicultural education. Multicultural education is education in which a range of cultural perspectives is presented to students.The amalgamation theory is the melting pot approach in which elements of individual cultures are blended to become a spic-and-span, synthesized American culture. (Davidson Phelan, 1993) In cultural pluralism, we are further to take multicultural view, in which we attempt to address the elements of both shared national culture and individual and/or family culture together. (Davidson Phelan, 1993) 1. What is cultural diversity? Give few examples of cultural diversity in your answer. 2. prize of ways in which teacher can accommodate to the cultural diversity am ong students. 177i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES.177 7. 2 RACES AND ETHINICITY DIVERSITY Race and ethnicity are factors contribute to studentsdiversity. Through race and ethnicity, we will be able to trace the studentsroot and cultural make up. Through this awareness then we can be pretty in our treatment to all students in the classroom. As Ladson-Billings (1994) notes The notion of equity as sameness solitary(prenominal) makes sense when all students are exactly the same. Ladson-Billings (1994) In reality we are different in race, ethnicity, culture and ways of life. Therefore we should take advantage of these differences by learning other verbiages, about food and dances.Students would respect teachers who know about their studentslanguages other than their own because it enhances their knowledge about the students and make their communiaction with the students easier. In Malaysia, we have di? erent race that are Malays, Chinese, Indians, Eurasian and others. Within the races, we have sub-groups or ethnicity. Examples of the sub-groups or ethnicity are listed in table 7. 1. Table 7. 1 Races and it sub-groups or ethnicity in Malaysia. Race Malays Chinese Sub-groups or ethnicity ? ? Javanese? Malays? ? Bugis? Malays ? Kelantanese Malays ? Johorean? Malays ? Malaccan? Malays? etc.Chinese come from many parts of China which contribute to ethnic di? erences such as ? ? Hokkien ? ? Cantonese ? ? Hailam? and? etc. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7 178 7. 3 LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY linguistic diversity is one of the elements that contributes to students diversity. Your class will have language diversity, and you will have to realize that you need to be afflictive to this linguistic diversity and adjust accordingly. In Malaysia, we are palmy because the medium of instruction is in Malay or Bahasa Melayu for all qualifieds except for position. Further more, English is regarded as the sulphur language andball students must pass the subject at the Sijil Pe lajaran Malaysia level or the form 5 national exam.It moulds young generations of Malaysia to at least know three languages, namely Bahasa Melayu, the English language, and their mother tongue. With this capacity, it enhances the Malaysians to understand each other and to live harmoniously. Tan (2003) suggested dickens ways to teachers in addressing language diversity as shown in Figure 7. 3, which are Facilitating English, and Immersion and transitional Methods. Indians ? ? Tamil? Nadu ? ? Hindustani ? ? Benggali ? ? Pakistani ? ? Bangla? (Bangladesh)? ? ? Bangla? (Sri? Lanka)?and? etc.? These races and ethnicities also contribute to language differences. 1. What are race and ethnicity diversity? Give few examples of race and ethnicity in Malaysia. 2. Can you understand other race or ethnic language? List out the advantages for teachers if they know their student languages. Figure 7. 3 Two suggested ways in addressing language diversity by Tan(2003) 179i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL D IFFERENCES 179 Let us examine those approaches. (a) Facilitating English Enhancing the mastering of the English language among students can help overcome the problem of dialogue with others in the school and outside the school.Teaching English to all students is regarded as a gumshoe for cultural understanding and communication among students. We can emphasize comprehension in our classroom. If you can understand the student and the student can understand you, then achievement can continue. Increased student achievement should be our overall instructional goal, regardless of linguistic diversity issues. (b) Immersion and Transitional Method Traditionally, we believed immersion approach was the best way to track down children to standard language usage. In this approach, from the beginning till the end, the instructor uses only the language to be learned.It becomes, then, a sink or swim proposition. Some children swim, they thrive under these conditions they learn the language wi th few problems. another(prenominal) students, however, sink they do not learn the language and suffer inside and outside of class. Similarly, linguistically respective(a) students can sink or swim in language learning. Conversely, teacher may use transitional or balance bilingual strategies for adding standard language as a shared communicative tool are being examined. These approaches start with the language the student brings into the classroom and build on family and cultural language to promote standard language usage.Read on an example case be piteous Several? years? ago,? a? Massachusetts? teacher,? Gary? Simpkins,? attempted? to? travel? his African-American students toward standard American English usage by developing? an? approach? called? Bridge? (Shells,? 1976).? He? used? transitional? strategies? whereby? the? students? learn? English? at rst? in? their? language-Black? English in reading, writing and oral communication. Midway through, he taught part? Black? Engl ish? and? partly? standard? American? English.? By? the? end? of? the? instructional period, he taught all in standard American English but still aloudstudent? to? use?Black-English? for? less? formal? communication. The implementation of approach above yielded promising results. 1. What is linguistic diversity? 2. Explain how teacher can help the students overcome language differences. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7 180 7. 4 LEARNING agency OR COGNITIVE STYLE DIVERSITY 7. 4. 1 De? nition of Learning hyphen and Cognitive Style Kagan is one of the earliest psychologists who introduced the re? ective and tearaway(a) cognitive style. Later, Witkin and Coodenough(1977) founded the concept of ? eld- independent and dependent cognitive style(Borich Tombari, 1997).Another earliest psychologist, Massick proposed the concept of cognitive style. According to Massick Cognitive style is stable attitudes preferences or habitual strategies determining a persons characteristic modes of pe rceiving, remembering, view and problem solving. Messick (1976, p5) Later, there are various de? nitions for learning style or cognitive style by psychologists, depending on their views and perspectives as shown in Table 7. 2. Table 7. 2 Various de? nitions of Learning Style and Cognitive Style by psychologists. Tan et. al. (2003) Psychologist De? nition of Learning Style and Cognitive Style Henson and Eller (1999, p505).Learning? styles? are? biological? and? socialized? di? erences? or? preferences for how students learn. Where as cognitive style is studentsmost favorable, consistent, and expedient ways of perceiving? and? qualification? sense? of? training. Tan et. al. (2003) ? Learning? style? is? how? elements? from? basic? stimuli? in? the? current? and past environment a? ect an individuals ability to absorb and retain information. Henson and Eller (1999, p505) ? In? this? de? nition,? Tan? stressed? the? in? uence? of? biological? and? socialization? in? moulding? stu dents? learning? style. ? Henson? and? Eller? stress? on? basic? stimuli?that? a? ect? individuals? learning style. 181i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 181 Woolfolk (2004, p603), Sternberg (1997) ?Learning? preferences? is? preferred? ways? of? studying? or? learn- ing,? such? as? using? pictures? instead? of? text,? working? with? other? people versus alone, learning in structured or unstructured situation, and so on. Whereas a cognitive style is di? erent ways? of? perceiving? and? organizing? information. Woolfolk ? Learning? and? thinking? styles? are? not? abilities,? but? instead? preferred ways of using ones abilities. (Santrock, 2008, p132). ?Woolfolk? proposed? that? learning? styles?as? characteristic? approaches to learning and studying. ? She? also? equates? learning? styles? and? learning? preferences. ? According? to? Sternberg,? intelligence? refers? to? ability. ? Individual? vary? so? much? in? thinking? and? learning? style,? ? literally? hundreds? of? lear ning? and? thinking? styles? have? been? proposed by educators and psychologist. So from these de? nitions, we ? nd overlapping views on learning styles and cognitive styles. We can conclude that Learning style and cognitive style cover many domains such as physical, psychological, audio, visual, kinaesthetic, etc. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7.182 7. 4. 2 Types of Learning Styles According to Butler, there are few types of learning styles(Butler, 1989 in Tan, 2003) such as explained below. (a) psychological/Affective styles One of the instruments to assess individuals learning style for this type of learning style is Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). This instrument will reveal how a student feel about him/herself and how self-consciousness developed is linked to learning. (b) Physiological Styles There are few instruments in this category such as Honey and Munford Learning Styles Inventory, Kolb Learning style inventory, sense modality Preferences Inventory, etc. Th ese instruments show individual of her/his consistent ways to facilitate learning through the use of the senses or environmental stimuli. These instruments also show hemispheric specialness (i. e. right or left brain), auditory, visual, kinaesthetic, olfactory preferences or preferences for environmental conditions. (c) Cognitive Styles Students may employ cognitive styles such as ? eld-dependent or independent, impulsive or re? ective, whole or serial, etc. These instruments footstep consistent ways of responding and using stimuli in the environment, how things are perceived and make sense, the most comfortable, expedientnand pleasurable way to process information.7. 4. 3 Measurement of Learning Styles and Cognitive Styles Since students preferred styles of learning in? uence their achievements and teachers learning styles in? uence their instructional choices, it is suggested that teacher and students take the test we describe below. (a) Modality Preference Inventory Through this inventory, teacher and students can classify their learning styles such as auditory, visual or kinaesthetic. To assess an individuals learning style, he/she has to respond to the questions shown in Figure 7. 4. 183i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 183 Learning Styles.Modality Preference Inventory Read each statement and select the appropriate number response as it applies to you. Often (3) Some beats (2) Seldom/Never (1) Visual Modality ? I? remember? information? better? if? I? write? it? down. ? Looking? at? the? person? helps? keep? me? focused. ? I? need? a? mollify? space? to? get? my? work? done. ? When? I? take? a? test,? I? can? see? the? text edition? page? in? my? head. ? I? need? to? write? down? directions,? not? just? take? them? literally. ? practice of medicine? or? background? noise? distracts? my? attention? from? the? task? at? hand. ? I? dont? ceaselessly? get? the? meaning? of? a? joke. ?I? doodle? and? draw? pictures? on? the? margins? of? my? not ebook? pages. ? I? move? very? strongly? to? colors. ? extreme Auditory Modality ? ? My? papers? and? notebooks? always? seem? messy. ? ? When? I? read,? I? need? to? use? my? index nger? to? track? my? short letter? on the line. ? ? I? do? not? follow? written? directions? well. ? ? If? I? hear? something,? I? will? remember? it. ? ? Writing? has? always? been? di? cult? for? me. ? ? I? often? misread? words? from? the? text? (eg,? them? for? then) ? ? I? would? rather? listen? and? learn? than? read? and? learn. ? ? Im? not? very? good? at? interpreting? an?individuals? body? language. ? ?Pages? with? pure? print? or? poor? quality? copies? are? di? cult? for? me to read. ? ? My? eyes? tire? quickly,? even? though? my? vision? check-up? is? always ?ne. ? ? Total Kinesthetic Modality ? I? start? a? project? in the first place? reading? the? directions. ? I? hate? to? sit? at? a? desk? for? long? periods? of? time. ? I? prefer? to? see? something? done? and? then? to? do? it? m yself. ? I? use? the? trial? and? error? approach? to? problem-solving. ? I? uniform? to? read? my? textbook? while? riding? an? exercise? bike. ? I? take? frequent? study? breaks. ? I? have? di? culty? giving?step-by-step? instructions. ? I? enjoy? sports? and? do? well? at? several? di? erent? types? of? sports. ? I? use? my? hands? when? describing? things. ? I? have? to? rewrite? or? type? my? class? notes? to? reinforce? the? sensible. ? Total Total the score for each section. A score of 21 points or more in a modality indicates a strength in that area. The? highest? of? the? 3? scores? indicates? the? most? e? cient? method? of? information? intake.? The? second? highest? score indicates the modality which boosts the primary strength. Figure 7. 4Example of questions should be responded by students to bank bill their learning styles.INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7 184 (b) Field-Dependent and Independent instructor or student may utilize Field-Dependent or Independent Cog nitive Style in percep- tion or information processing. Field-Independent learners perceive items as more or less separate from the surrounding ? eld. They are interested in concept for their own sake. They have self-de? ned goals and function successfully in self-structured situations and impersonal learning environments. For ? eld-dependent learners, their mode of learning is strongly in? uenced by the prevailing context or setting. They are more aware of their surroundings as they learn.These learners value serviceable information. They can memorize human faces and social facts such as best friends have got date more easily than ? eld- independent learners. Garger and Guild(1987) have summarized the characteristics of ? eld-independent and ?eld-dependent learners. These are illustrated in Table 7. 3. From this table it is clean-living that, at least in the extremes, the two styles are very different. Table 7. 3 Characteristics of Field-Dependent and Independent learners. Perce ives globally. Perceives analytically. FIELD-DEPENDENT FIELD-INDEPENDENT Makes broad general distinctions among concepts, sees relationships.Learns substantive with social content best. Requires externally de? ned goals and reinforcements. Makes speci? c concept distinctions, little overlap. Learns social material only as an intentional task. Has self-de? ned goals and reinforcements. Experiences in a global fashion, adheres to structures as given. Social orientation. Attends best to material relevant to own experience. Needs organization provided. Experiences in an articulate fashion, imposes structures of restrictions. Impersonal orientation. Interested in new concepts for their own sake. Can self-structure situations. Learning Styles- Dependence and Independence Descriptions.185i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 185 More a? ected by criticism. Less a? ected by criticism. Uses spectator approach for concept attainment. Uses hypothesis-testing approach to attain concepts. Teach er and students can assess their cognitive style using enter Figures Test (EFT) or Group implant Figures Test(GEFT). In this test, they have to recognize geometry ?gure, which are embedded in the picture or in the background. Those who can recognize the ? gure faster than the others are learners with the ? eld-independent style and those who take longer than a few seconds or cannot ? nd the ? gure at all, can be classi?ed as ? eld- dependent learners. Figure 7. 5 illustrates an example of Embedded Figures Test (EFT). Recognize? the? geometry gure,? which? are? embedded? in? the? designs? picture.? INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7 186 Answer Figure 7. 5 An example of Embedded Figure Test (EFT) If you are a ? eld-independent teacher, you may be comfortable giving lectures and empha- sizing cognition. You may prefer offering corrective feedback, using negative feedback as warranted, and you may use grades and personal goal charts motivationally. If you are a ? eld-dependent teacher, you may prefer interaction and conversation with yourstudents.You may rely less on corrective feedback and little on negative evaluations. You also like to wee-wee a warm and personal environment and prefer to motivate through external reward such as verbal praise. Many educational psychologist views that if the teacher cognitive style match with the student cognitive style, students? will? bene? t? most? and? vice? versa.? Student? learn? best when there is congruence mingled with their preferred teaching style. Unfortunately, most teachers ignore students? cognitive? style? because? it? takes? longer? time? for? them to prepare lesson plan and devices or activities toful? l their needs.1. What is cognitive style and learning style? 2. Give a few examples of learning or cognitive styles. 187i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 187 7. 5 GENDER DIFFERENCES Linguistic diversity is one of the elements that contributes to students diversity. Your class will have language diversity, and you will have to realize that you need to be sensitive to this linguistic diversity and adjust accordingly. In Malaysia, we are lucky because the medium of instruction is in Malay or Bahasa Melayu for all subjects except for English. Furthermore, English is regarded as the second languageand all students must pass the subject at the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysialevel or the form 5 national exam.It moulds young generations of Malaysia to at least mastering three languages, namely Bahasa Melayu, the English language, and their mother tongue. With this capacity, it enhances the Malaysians to understand each other and to live harmoniously. Tan (2003) suggested two ways to teachers in addressing language diversity as shown in Figure 7. 3, which are Facilitating English, and Immersion and Transitional Methods. In Asian society, being a girl or a boy has signi? cant impact. The people usually adore boys than girls.Its because most Asian plain are rice bowl or dependent on agriculture where the man are more utilizable in manual jobs than ladies. But they forget, in terms of resilience and patience, the women are the winners Now, let us examine gender-related student differences in several ways and explore their implications for teaching. Are you resent being a girl? You dont have to. Accept things as it is. (a) Developmental rates According? to? Egan? and? Kauchak Di? erences go in boys and girls developmental rates. Girls develop faster with? di? erences? in? verbal? and? motor? skills? outing? at? an? betimes? age.?Boys?and? girls? are? di? erent in other areas as well, and these di? erences appear as early as the preschool years. Girls tend to play with dolls and other girls and to gravitate toward activities such as? make-believe? and? dress-up.? Boys? play? with? blocks,? cars,? dinosaurs,? and? other? boys. (Egan and Kauchak, 1997). INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7 188 We? can? observe? society? and? family,? school? and? work? place? treat? girls and boys di? erently. In the family, they are interact di? erently from the day they were born. ? Baby? girls? are? given? pink? blankets,? are? called? cute? and? handled? delicately. ?Baby? boys? are? change? in? blue,? are? regarded? as? handsome,? and are seen as tougher, better coordinated, and hardier. Di? erences in treatment continue in later years. In high school, girls? become? cheerleaders? for? the? boys,? who? become? basketball? or? football players. (b) Family treatment (c) panorama for school success (d) Academic area These di? erences also include expectation for school success. Parents? probably? air? di? erent? expectations? for? their? sons and daughters. Researchers have found that Research on gender e? ects founded di? erences in boys and girls in di? erent academic areas.According? to? Maccoby? and? Jacklin, Parents? gender-stereotyped? attitudes? toward? girls? ability? in? math,? adversely? in? uence? their? daughters? achievement? in? math? and their attitudes toward it. (Nagy-Jacklin, 1989 in Egan Kauchak, 1997) Boys? did? better? in? math? and? on? visual? and? spatial? tasks,? example? tasks? in? geometry.? Girls? did? better? in? on? verbal? skills? such? as? in? languages. (Maccoby Jacklin, 1974) 189i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 189 Boys? and? girls? also? received? di? erent? treatment? in? school.? Both? male? and? female? teacher? treat? boys? and? girls? di?erently.They? interact? with? the? boys? more? often? and? ask? them? more? questions,? and? those? questions? are? more? conceptual? and abstract. (e) Treatment in school gender stereotyping also in? uences go decisions. According to Kochenberger-Stroeher Signi? cantly, when children choose non-traditional roles for males or females, their choices are based on personal experience. Di? erences in students view of gender-appropriate careers appear as early as kindergarten. (Kochenberger-Stroeher, 1994) ?One? of? the? most? powerful? factors? in? uencing? school? performance? is? socio-economic? status? (SES),?the? combination? of? parents? income,? occupations,? and? level? of? education.? SES? consistently? predicts? intelligence? and? achievement? test? scores,? grades,? truancy? and dropout and suspension rates. (Ballantine, 1989 in Egan Kauchak, 1997) 1. why teacher treat boys and girls differently? 2. Give few examples of different treatment to boys and girls. 3. Think of ways in which teacher can accommodate to gender differences. 7. 6 DIFFERENCES IN SOCIO? ECONOMIC STATUS According to Ballantine INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7 190 Many? families? lack? in? proper? nourishment,? and? adequate? medical? care.? pauperism? also? in? uences? the? quality? of? home-life,? unstable? work? conditions? increased? economic? problems? that? lead to parental frustration, displeasure and depression. These pressures? can? lead? to? family? scattered,? marital? con? ict? and? nurturing homes. The impact of SES is also transmitted through pare ntal attitudes and values where their attitudes and values are different. Example is in interaction pattern. Low SES parents are more likely to tell, rather than explain. spicy SES parents, in contrast, talk more with their children, explain ideas and the cause of events, and encourage independent thinking.Walbergs observed that High SES parents are more likely to ask wh questions (who, when, where, why) promoting language development, provide strong foundation for reading and wording development. (Walberg, 1991) 191i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 191 The educational aspirations parents have for their children are probably the most powerful variables a? ecting achievement.? Parents? who? expect? their? children? to? graduate? from high school and to attend college have children who do well than parents who have low aspirations. These expecta- tions are communicated through dialogue betweenparents and children.?Low? SES? parents? in? contrast,? allow? their? children? to? drift into classes and often got loss in the shu? e and failed in their lives. The differences between low and high SES families also re? ect the emphasis lay on students autonomy and responsibility. High-SES parents emphasize self-direction, self- control, and individual responsibility while low-SES parents, in contrast, place greater emphasis on conformity and obedience. 1. What is meant by parents SES differences? 2. Give few examples impact of SES on students aspirations, attitudes and values.3. Think of ways in which teacher can accommodate to SES bdifferences. 7. 7 WAYS IN EMBRACING DIVERSITIES To be a good teacher, you should know the ways to embracing diversities among your students. Below are the discussions on how to handle your students diversities in the gender differences, cultural, race and ethnicity, learning style, socioeconomy and linguistic differences. (a) Gender differences It is not easy to eliminate gender differences in the class, but to make teacher cautious and not gender bias, Figure 7. 6 shows some recommendations warrant that need to be considered. Avoid stereotypical language. (Example Okay, guys lets get work)Provide equal opportunities for males and females. (Example club membership). INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7 192 In eliminating race and ethnicity, we move toward moulding one Malaysian nation with the same identity and characteristics such as same language and same spirit. One of the ways to unite Malaysians is through education system where all races study in the same school, same college and same university. All Malay- sian? know? and? appreciate? the? same? food? like? nasi lemak, roti canai, the tarik, tosay,mee teow, mee suah and etc. In coping with students with learning styles diversity, teachermay use multi-approach in instruction such as cooperative learning which is suitable for ? eld-dependent students and doing experiment and also suitable for ?Eld-independent students. During instruction, teacher may use d iagram and charts which is suitable for visual learner, using records and video tapes? which? is? suitable? for? auditory? learners? and? utilize? hands-on experience such as experimenting for tactile learners. Reduce or oust gender-typed activities. (Example Girls have to cook, boys wash the car). Figure 7. 6 Some recommendations warrant that need to be consider to eliminate genderdifferences in the class. (b) Cultural diversity In eliminating cultural diversity, teacher may utilize assimilation, amalgamation or cultural pluralism approach.In Malaysia we are encouraged to utilize cultural pluralism approach. (c) Race and ethnicity (d) Learning styles diversity 193i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 193 Teacher have to help students from poor family to excel by motivating them to learn, give extra-class to help them catch up? with? the? other? students,? maybe? organizing? charity? work? to? earn? money? that? can? be? donated? to? the? poor? students.? Later,? teacher? can? also?